Defence and  Foreign Affairs  Our objective of humanitarianism and peace in the world community will be pursued by adopting a joint defence and foreign affairs policy based on the cornerstone of trade and aid. New Zealand would become truly anti-nuclear, an effectively armed and trained independent neutral country, capable of dealing with all civil defence and maritime emergencies.  INDEPENDENT FOREIGN POUCY:  We will withdraw from international organisations, including U.N. agencies, and treaties, where they do not truly work for freedom, peace and economic security and New Zealand's national interests-  INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:  Diplomatic relations will be established with all governments provided they do not threaten our sovereign independence. New trading arrangements and practical aid programmes will help build stable international relationships.  NUCLEAR FREE ZONES:  For over a decade we have been committed to a genuine nuclear free New Zealand. The bill we introduced to Parliament in 1984 led to Labour finally passing anti-nuclear legislation.  ARMED NEUTRALITY:  New Zealand's nuclear free, 200 mile exclusive economic zone will be policed and guarded by a well trained and equipped maritime defence force and national defence corps, comprising the Navy, Airforce, Army and Volunteer Reserves. Equipment will be New Zealand made wherever possible.  MARITIME DEFENCE FORCE:  The Navy and Airforce, while retaining their own traditions and titles, will combine in regular patrol and surveillance of our exclusive zones, and in interception and arrest where necessary. Other tasks would include meeting foreign policy commitments, and search and rescue needs. Equipment, workshops, and bases will be improved. The Australian frigate purchase would be cancelled in favour of N.Z. built broad beam patrol ships.  NATIONAL DEFENCE CORPS:  A well armed and trained army and territorial force will include battalions specialised in mountain, airborne, and amphibious operations, and undertake international peace keeping duties when required. It will provide civil defence and survival training, H.Q. staff, and undertake search and rescue, and community service duties.  NATIONWIDE TRAINING courses  All young people up to age 29 years will undertake three, twelve-week training courses. These will include survival training and outdoor activities (Outward Bound), defence and skills training (not necessarily directly military), and community service.  The DEMOCRATS will manage the economy so that New Zealand's resources are used wisely to provide for the needs of all without increasing our burden of debt, and will break down the structures that presently allow the privileged and the speculators to take more than their share. A reformed financial system will provide sufficient funds through the banking system at low rates of interest to encourage useful production and jobs here in New Zealand.  0 MONETARY POLICY:  We will reduce interest rates and increase purchasing power by using the options already available through the Reserve Bank Act.  GOVERNMENT DEBT:  By changing the way Government funds its deficit, Government Debt will be reduced.  TAXATION:  Our aim is to reduce taxation. Taxes such as Capital Gains Tax, Fringe Benefit Tax, Tax on Superannuation, and GST will be abolished and replaced with "Transfer Tax" - automatically deducted on Bank Account Payments - at not more than 1%. This, with our personal Tax Policies, will give lower income groups substantial taxation relief, while ensuring people who should pay more, do so.  ASSET SALES:  We will immediately end the pointless fire sale of New Zealand assets that are the rightful property of every New Zealander.  OVERSEAS EXCHANGE RATES:  DEMOCRATS will have a "Managed Exchange Rate Policy". Special "Green Dollar" (bi-lateral credits) Trading arrangements will be made with developing countries.  UNEMPLOYMENT:  It is economic madness to import goods while raising taxes to pay the dole. We will manage the economy to ensure that jobs are available for all who want to work. There will be no future on the dole.  BUSINESS:  DEMOCRAT policy aims for a just balance between government and private sectors. It represents an attitude of positive discrimination in favour of small and medium-sized businesses and farming ventures to address the growing imbalance between those who have, and those who have not.  REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT:  No true Regional Development can flourish without funds for investment. Through savings incentive policies, we will ensure adequate investment capital is retained in the region.  Every New Zealander, whatever their level of ability, whether rich or poor, from whatever ethnic or social background, has a right to a free education of the kind which will allow them to develop their abilities to the full. A DEMOCRAT GOVERNMENT WILL ENSURE THAT THE RESOURCES AND FUNDING REQUIRED WILL ALWAYS BE AVAILABLE TO GUARANTEE THAT RIGHT.  PRE SCHOOL:  We are committed to seeing children gain learning skills at the optimum stage in their development. Parents will have a choice of well resourced and staffed pre-school centres designed to best suit the needs of their children.  FREE FORMAL EDUCATION:  Fourteen years of free, formal education will be available to everyone, in a system designed to meet the challenges of the future.  Class sizes at all levels will be drastically reduced, especially in Primary schools where our aim is a maximum of 20 pupils per class.  Junior High Schools (forms 1 -4) will use modular style education to ensure a wide range of challenging goals appropriate for this age level.  Senior High Schools (forms 5-7) will provide a full choice of academic, technical and life skills training.  ATTAINMENT:  Internal examination and assessment certificates listing personal and academic achievements will be issued to every pupil on leaving Primary School and Junior High School. Senior students will receive certification which includes external examinations on leaving Senior High Schools or Polytechnics.  STUDENT FEES:  Student fees at Universities and Polytechnics will be minimised to ensure equality of opportunity. Bursaries will be paid on a cost of living basis as of right.  TOMORROWS SCHOOLS:  We will critically evaluate the performance of this programme and make appropriate changes. Ancillary services, specialist teachers, inservice training and resources will be increased.  THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY WILL BUILD AN ECONOMY ON THE FOUNDATION OF FULL EMPLOYMENT. WE BELIEVE THAT UNEMPLOYMENT IS A DELIBERATE DECISION OF GOVERNMENT. IT IS THE SOCIALLY DESTRUCTIVE POLICY OF GOVERNMENTS WHO LACK THE IMAGINATION, THE HUMANITY AND THE WILL, TO STRIVE FOR ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES.  0 JOB OPPORTUNITIES:  Small businesses are traditionally our biggest employers, yet they have been burdened by ever increasing costs, taxation, and bureaucratic requirements. Democrat policies will remove the shackles and so generate more jobs.  BUSINESS CONFIDENCE:  Low interest rates will be achieved, restoring business confidence, encouraging small business to take on more staff, and getting New Zealand working again.  0 JOB TRAINING:  We will encourage vocational training and retraining in schools and polytechnics, and within the business community. People on retraining schemes who make satisfactory progress will be paid award wages. We will give a lead to industry to develop flexible contracts in order to revitalise apprenticeship schemes.  0 UNFAIR COMPETITION:  We will not allow imports from low wage countries to drive our manufacturers out of business and so put our workers on the dole.  AUTOMATION & THE FUTURE:  Our policies will enable people to take advantage of the job opportunities provided by the high-tech revolution-  UNEMPLOYMENT:  We will manage the economy to ensure that jobs are available for all who want to work. Improved incomes for those who work, and incentives to work, will ensure there is no future on the dole.  " Until there are no more things left to do, nothing worthwhile to be achieved, until nobody wants anything done for them any more •- until then, no-one should be unemployed."  It is clear that the destruction of our environment is economically driven. The Democrats have always maintained that there has to be a fundamental change in economic thinking if there is to be any hope for our environment.  CONSERVATION CHARTER:  We recognise that humans are dependent on their environment. We will embed a strong environmental policy in all our decision-making processes. A Conservation Charter will formally set out our policies. Every activity affecting the environment will be subject to the Charter.  RESPONSIBILITY:  We will guard the environment in trust for future generations. We will conserve soil and water quality, make responsible use of natural resources, protect our native forest and wildlife, and conserve energy.  POLLUTION:  Wastes that can reasonably be recycled, will be. Low -interest loans will be available for recycling plants throughout New Zealand. Substantial deposits will be required on most containers. Industries will be held responsible for environmentally sound disposal of their own wastes. We will introduce strict vehicle noise and exhaust controls and will ban the importing of new or used vehicles that require leaded petrol. Fines will be imposed for intentional littering. We will discourage cumulative pesticide poisoning of the environment and encourage organic farming.  NUCLEAR FREE:  We were the first to promote a nuclear free New Zealand policy - later adopted by Labour. Nuclear energy will be banned in New Zealand.  URBAN ENVIRONMENT:  We will ensure that communities are designed for those who live in them, rather than for cars or profit. There will be green belts plus green 'hearts' and reserves in adjoining residential areas.  WORLD CONSERVATION:  We will work for environmental sanity in the forums of the world. We will seek to outlaw the disposal of toxic and nuclear wastes at sea, make Antarctica a world park, and fight the devastation of the oceans. We will work to limit the use of fossil fuels, reduce world pollution and halt the ongoing destruction of the world's wildlife, rainforests and living environment.  RESEARCH:  A New Zealand World Research Institute, with very wide terms of reference, will research and report to Government on ways to reduce and reverse the environmental damage caused by human activity.  OUR RECORD:  We have always been to the forefront of environmental concern. In 1973 we published "You and Your Environment" containing 17 chapters covering a wide range of issues Our 1975 policy included 41 items on "Environment, Natural Resources and Conservation."  Good Health is necessary for the social well-being of the nation as well as of the individual. Our policies in total will contribute to the wellness of the people. We believe that every New Zealander should have equal access to a comprehensive, fully state-funded health service as of right.  0 GENERAL HOSPITALS:  We are committed to providing services of the highest international standard in health technology and excellence, in hospitals in our major centres.  0 PROVINCIAL HOSPITALS:  Smaller rural and provincial hospitals will be retained and where necessary improved or restored They will provide basic community health care and interim accident and emergency treatment at a local community level.  0 MENTAL ILLNESS:  We will provide specialised units in the community for the treatment and care of people suffering from mental illness. The policy of pushing psychiatric patients out into the community and into general wards of hospitals will be reversed.  0 HEALTH PROFESSIONALS:  We will encourage all those involved in health care to adopt a multilevel team approach to the provision of services  0 MAORI HEALTH:  We guarantee full participation with the Maori People in order to address Maori health problems and provide appropriate health care.  0 EDUCATION:  To reduce health problems such as reliance on alcohol, smoking and other drugs, and the effects of poor nutrition and unhealthy lifestyle habits, we will use such avenues as the media, school curricula, and local Health Centres, to greatly improve health education.  RESEARCH:  We will undertake to conduct research through the Ministry of Health on the comprehensive issues relating to the prevention of illness and the promotion of wellness.  HEALTH CENTRES:  We will set up community based Health Centres that will be responsive to the special needs of their local people, providing such services as maternal and child care, medical clinics, Maori health care, and care for senior citizens, and the disabled. Facilities will be included for support groups and counselling services.  PRIVATISED HEALTH SERVICES:  We are opposed to the "User Pays . . . Free Market" approach to Health and Medical services, especially when New Zealand has in fact a surplus in personnel and physical resources.  Law and ORDER  DEMOCRAT POLICIES FOR OUR ENDANGERED SOCIETY  IT IS A PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY OF GOVERNMENT TO ENSURE THAT LAW AND ORDER IS MAINTAINED. WHILE IT IS TRUE THAT HARD ECONOMIC TIMES INEVITABLY LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN CRIME, ULTIMATELY GOVERNMENT MUST PROVIDE SUFFICIENT RESOURCES TO ENSURE THE LEVEL OF PROTECTION AND SECURITY THAT PEOPLE REQUIRE.  POLICE:  We will ensure that New Zealand gets sufficient extra police with adequate resources and modern equipment to combat growing crime levels and gang related problems.  PENALTIES:  Criminal penalties must clearly reflect the more serious nature of crimes against people. We will ensure sentences provide a level of deterrent or alternatively keep serious offenders out of society, and emphasis will be placed on property confiscation and community service where appropriate.  FRAUD:  We will attack the cancer of white collar crime with laws that provide for greater accountability and scrutiny of financial dealings, and increased punishment including enforced compensation.  LEGAL AID:  While this is an essential feature of a just society, the existing scheme will be urgently reviewed to prevent current abuses  0 PREVENTION:  VICTIMS:  The victims of violent crimes will get more support, with proper compensation for suffering. Restitution by offenders will be given greater emphasis.  Enforcement and sentencing alone will not solve the crime wave. Our Employment and Education policies will help to reduce the problem, and greater emphasis on rehabilitation will reduce re-offending. Outward Bound type courses for our youth will develop discipline, self worth, and pride  Our Two Party System effectively means One Party Dictatorship. Many East European countries have moved towards a better democracy than New Zealand's. Democratic Party reforms will put power back in the hands of the voters.  0 A FAIRER VOTING SYSTEM:  We will introduce Proportional Representation so that power rests with the people, not the political parties. This will prevent parties with less than half the vote ever bulldozing their will on the country again.  0 RECALL OF LOCAL MP:  The Democrats will introduce electoral Recall laws to allow voters to call their MP to account for their actions or face a By-Election, and individual voters will have the right to sue an MP who fails to honour promises made during an election.  REFORM OF PARLIAMENT:  The New Zealand Parliament has degenerated into a powerless and wasteful institution. Most MPs have no real authority or influence and Cabinet uses and abuses Parliament to give a cloak of respectability to its enormous dictatorial power. We will increase the authority of Parliament and reduce the power of Cabinet. The result will be a Government that is more responsive to the will of the people.  AN END TO SECRECY:  Instead of censoring information as "too confidential" or "too sensitive", Cabinet Ministers should be forced to account fully for their actions. Too many decisions about our affairs are made behind closed doors. The Democrats will take away the monopoly power that allows Governments this sort of arrogance toward the people they are elected to serve.  REFERENDA:  The Democrats will introduce a Citizens Initiative system where any petition signed by a predetermined percentage of voters will force the Government to conduct a nationwide referendum thus allowing the people to be the final decision-makers.  NO UPPER HOUSE:  We are firmly opposed to the proposal for an Upper House. This costly and largely ineffective move would be a poor substitute for real Democratic reform!!  Democrats  The DEMOCRATS recognise that Primary production remains the basis of our economy and the primary source of our export earnings: that the most efficient farmer is the owner-occupier:  that fishing and forestry resources should be operated for and by New Zealanders.  0 FINANCE:  Democrat Low Interest Policies will ensure Farmers, Fishermen, Foresters. Producer Boards, and Co-operatives have access to finance at sensible rates of interest. Low Interest Loans are not subsidies, and will result in profits being channelled into improvements, not debt servicing.  FAMILY FARMS:  Democrats support the concept of the New Zealand family farm. We do not believe that the trend to bigger corporate farms, often owned by absentee overseas landlords, is to the advantage of farmers or the nation. We will not allow the sale of New Zealand farmland into overseas ownership.  RESEARCH:  It is in the nation's interest for the government to support farm, forestry and fishing research at all levels. It must not be left entirely to big business in pursuit of quick profits.  OVERSEAS TRADE:  We will develop Overseas Trade opportunities using multi-lateral trade credits to give us access to markets not currently available.  ORGANIC FARMING:  Organic farming and sustainable agriculture go hand in hand. There is a huge export potential for organically grown food and fibre in an increasingly polluted world. We will encourage organic farming through research, training and incentives.  FISHING:  We see great potential in an efficient, New Zealand owned and operated catching and processing industry, working on a sustainable yield basis. Pair Trawling, Seine Fishing, and Purse Netting will be abolished in New Zealand coastal waters. Legitimate Maori Fishing rights will be honoured, subject to our conservation code.  NOXIOUS WEEDS & ANIMALS:  IMPORTED PESTS & DISEASES:  Inspection at Ports of Entry will be stepped up to ensure maximum possible protection of Agricultural and Horticultural production from imported pests and diseases. A coordinated central and local government campaign to control and, if possible, eradicate pests and noxious weeds will be on-going.  It has become increasingly obvious that the traditional European structures in society have not served to advance the quality of living or opportunities for Polynesian New Zealanders. Resources and flexibility must be provided to ensure the development of alternative structures where required, and to redress long-term grievances, in a way that enhances the rights of all concerned.  EDUCATION:  The parallel development of schools offering a "Maori Option" will be supported, and encouraged as a way to provide alternative educational opportunities for all children, and young Maori in particular.  LAND GRIEVANCES:  Where land or resources were unfairly confiscated or occupied, misappropriated, or illegally passed to private ownership, acceptable compensation will be negotiated through Government with the parties involved.  CULTURE:  The unique culture, traditions and values of various non-European races will be enhanced by greater access to broadcasting facilities, and support for cultural centres, activities and educational programmes.  THE TREATY:  We acknowledge that the Treaty of Waitangi guaranteed to Maori people the right to preserve their traditional way of life and culture, ownership of land they possessed at that time (except that which they chose to sell), and a development "partnership" with the European.  THE LAW:  Where both parties agree, Maori people will be able to choose to have civil disputes, minor crime and misdemeanors, and family matters heard by Marae judicial committees, who will have equal standing in law with existing disputes tribunals, or Youth Court decisions.  GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURES:  PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION:  Either geographical location or Iwi may be used as a basis for registration on the Maori Roll. Our policy of Proportional Representation will see Maori better represented in Parliament.  Any specifically Maori Government bodies or structures which are not fulfilling a positive role in Maori development will be phased out Any replacements will be established with substantial Maori input. Owners of Maori land will be encouraged to form co-operative land companies for land development.  Small Business  We will enact a deliberate policy of Positive Discrimination in favour of small business enterprises, traditionally our largest employer. We view small business as the basis of a strong economy for the future. We deplore the destruction of the small business sector due to the "high interest, high taxation, tight money" regime promoted by both National and Labour.  WORKING FUNDS:  We will progressively reduce the interest rates businesses have to pay for working funds to below 5% (Switzerland operates a growing economy with a prime interest rate of 2.5% - japan 4%).  TAXATION RELIEF:  G.S.T. and similar taxes will be abolished and replaced with 'TRANSFER TAX' - automatically deducted from bank account payments at a rate of not more than 1%. This will give substantial taxation relief, reduce business administration costs and unnecessary form filling while ensuring adequate government revenue.  TAX 'HONEYMOON':  To encourage and enable the establishment of small business ventures, a tax exemption period of up to two years from establishment date will be provided for new businesses (special conditions may apply).  AUTOMATION:  Our policies will enable small businesses to take the fullest advantage of the "High Tech Revolution". Financial inducements will be made toward research and development of technology as a means to develop small business productive capacity.  COOPERATIVES:  Where applicable and desirable we favour the establishment of co-operative enterprises Every encouragement will be given to those businesses that wish to establish workers' shareholding and/or profit sharing schemes.  0 UNFAIR COMPETITION:  We will manage the economy to ensure imports from low wage countries do not unfairly compete with locally produced goods. Productive rather than speculative enterprises will be encouraged  SKILLED PERSONNEL:  Immigration will be promoted to overcome long term shortages of skilled personnel.  Through no fault of their own a large number of New Zealanders have become dependant on Government handouts. The responsibility for that lies squarely on the shoulders of Government. The problems this has caused will not be cured by making those people feel guilty, or reducing even further their ability to cope with every day needs.  ADEQUATE LIVING INCOME:  The range of Social Welfare benefits will be replaced by a single "Adequate Living Income" paid at a level to ensure basic living needs are available to all.  SELF HELP:  Those temporarily unable to provide their own income will be actively encouraged to become self supporting again as quickly as possible.  UNEMPLOYMENT:  It is economic madness to import goods while raising taxes to pay the dole. We will manage the economy to ensure that jobs are available for all who want to work. There will be no future on the dole.  HOME CARER'S WAGE:  In order to recognise the vital social and economic role played by parents who choose to stay out of the paid workforce to care for dependant children, an adequate living income will be paid in the form of a "Home Carer's Wage".  THE FAMILY:  We will promote the family unit as the basis of our society. Courses to teach practical skills, parenting, and human relations will be developed and promoted. In this way much of the crime, violence and social breakdown in our society will be removed.  DISABILITY:  People with genuine needs resulting from age, sickness, or genuine disability, will receive additional assistance to maintain their quality of living. Rehabilitation will become a higher priority.  VOLUNTARY AGENCIES:  We recognise the vital work done by voluntary agencies, and will actively encourage and support their efforts in the delivery of social services.  CHILDREN:  We will expand the resources available to ensure that all dependant children receive a high standard of care and support.  NEW ZEALANDERS ARE RAPIDLY BECOMING TENANTS IN THEIR OWN LAND - A LAND WHOSE MAJOR ASSETS ARE INCREASINGLY CONTROLLED BY OVERSEAS OWNERS. WE ARE TOTALLY OPPOSED TO THE GOVERNMENT'S "RECEIVERSHIP SALE" OF ASSETS THAT TRULY BELONG TO ALL NEW ZEALANDERS.  PUBLIC ASSETS:  A Democrat Government will take back major public assets that have been sold into overseas ownership, and, where considered vital to the good of the country, any sold into private hands in New Zealand.  PRIVATISATION:  DEMOCRATS believe that those State Services that can best serve New Zealand as Privatised Corporations will be 100% New Zealand owned.  NATURAL MONOPOLIES:  There are certain enterprises that best serve New Zealand as natural monopolies owned by the people for the people's benefit. The so-called "Free Marketeers" can do our economy irreparable harm by the wasteful duplication of certain capital items DEMOCRATS will not hesitate to protect those natural monopolies that best serve the national interest  FARM OWNERSHIP:  The sale of agricultural land to foreign ownership will not be permitted. DEMOCRATS pledge that agricultural land already sold to foreign interests will be bought back at current market rates and re-sold to New Zealanders by Landcorp.  THE ECONOMY:  DEMOCRAT economic policies will reduce the shocking debt burden New Zealand has to bear without sacrificing the country's assets that generations of New Zealanders have worked and paid for. Economic union with Australia will be strenuously opposed and C E.R. thoroughly investigated to ensure the so-called "benefits" are real  0 INDEPENDENT POLICY:  A DEMOCRATIC government will not be pressured by ANY international organisation or nation into a compromising situation that would surrender our rights as a sovereign state. Political union with Australia will be strongly opposed. Our foreigh policy can best be summed up by the term "Armed Neutrality", under which trade and aid will be important aspects.  Superannuation as Democrats define it is:  Universal access to an equitable retirement income based on a person's right as a joint owner of the producing assets of our country. We do not countenance the idea that senior citizens are in some way a burden on society.  GUARANTEED RETIREMENT INCOME:  GR1 will be paid to those who retire from fulltime employment at age 60, at a level adequate to meet their living needs with dignity and security.  COST OF LIVING:  The Guaranteed Retirement Income will be subject to annual review to compensate for the fluctuations in living costs that apply to the retired.  [ TAXATION:  Superannuitants will not be subject to any form of penal taxation on any income from whatever legal source. Normal taxation rates will apply in all cases.  SUPERANNUATION SCHEMES:  In order to encourage savings for future retirement, tax deductions will be restored on funds invested in approved schemes.  INDEPENDENCE:  We will provide residential accommodation for the needy elderly that combines independence with medical and recreational facilities.  FAMILY FACILITIES:  Special grants will be available to assist families providing facilities for elderly relatives.  SPECIALIST CARE:  Senior citizens will not be deprived of specialist services because they lack financial resources. Special grants will ensure adequate care.  ATTITUDE:  Democrats demand that the growth of the older section of society be seen for what it is - a TRIUMPH not a TRAGEDY.' A tribute to medical science and technology. And further, we will ensure that continuing research is targeted toward medical and technological innovation that will give added meaning and comfort to the lives of New Zealand's senior citizens.  We believe young people should be encouraged to participate as fully as possible in the decision-making that concerns them. Unfortunately, Government policy and public attention have focused on the problem areas of youthful behaviour. A coordinated policy which promotes positive youth programmes and initiatives is required  AGE OF MAJORITY:  The legal age of adulthood will be reached at the age of 18 years, and will apply equally to all circumstances that require adults to be distinguished from non-adults.  MINISTRY OF YOUTH AFFAIRS:  A Ministry of Youth Affairs will actively foster the physical, emotional, intellectual and social well-being of youth and operate an interdepartmental committee to co-ordinate youth programmes.  N.Z. YOUTH CONGRESS:  This nationwide umbrella grouping will assist with promoting and coordinating youth activities of positive benefit to the community, and make recommendations on youth issues to the Minister of Youth Affairs.  LEADERSHIP:  Youth leadership programmes will be encouraged so that young people can more confidently take an active part in community affairs, and stand for public office.  PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT:  All young people up to age 29 years will undertake three twelve-week personal development courses These will include skills training and outdoor activities (Outward Bound) to prepare for Civil Defence emergencies, appropriate defence related training (not necessarily military), and community service.  EMPLOYMENT:  It is vital that young people can contribute positively to society We will manage the economy to ensure that jobs are available for all who want to work. There will be no future on the dole.  OFFENDING:  Wider Police powers and tougher Court penalties are not in themselves an answer to the problems of youth violence and crime Our personal development proposals, along with increased emphasis on rehabilitation, community service sentences and restitution will contribute to reduced offending and re-offending.