The Federal Program of the New Democratic Party, Adopted by its Founding Convention, Ottawa, July 31 August 4, 1961 (Ottawa: Mutual Press Ltd., 1961)  A NEW PARTY  Canada is a land of abundant resources moral, cultural and material. Yet unemployment, waste, political corruption and commercialization of taste and values continue and have even increased. The reason is not that Canadians do not want a better society, but because economic development is still unplanned, unstable and operated chiefly for the benefit of the few owners of great corporations.  Moreover, we face new challenges everywhere. Our relations with North and South America, with the Commonwealth and Europe, with new states in Asia and Africa, as well as our defence policies, have to be re assessed in the light of new factors. Our contribution to world peace must be more positive and more original. The partnership between English and French speaking Canadians must be made more meaningful and valuable to both, and the civil rights of all Canadians fully protected: To meet these challenges we must infuse a new spirit of social purpose and world responsibility into our national policies. New ways are needed.  For these great tasks this New Democratic party has been founded. It seeks to unite for democratic political action all Canadians who put human rights and human dignity above the mere pursuit of wealth, and public welfare before corporate power. Democratically organized and financed, prepared to apply new methods of social and economic planning, the New Democratic party will translate into practical federal and provincial  programs the idealism and democratic faith that are now so frustrated. It adopts and will carry forward to new levels of achievement the best objectives of the farmer and labour, cooperative and social democratic movements for which so many progressive Canadians have striven in the past.  This is why the New Democratic party has been founded and why it invites all Canadians to join its ranks. For these reasons it pledges itself to the carrying out of the following program.  I. PLANNING FOR ABUNDANCE  A JOB FOR EVERYONE  The New Democratic party is the party of full employment. Only a program of economic planning can ensure a general condition of full employment. A New Democratic government will develop such a program. It can, therefore, guarantee jobs for all members of the labour force willing and able to work.  Even under full employment there will, of course, be temporary dislocation and this will be dealt with by a Guaranteed Employment Act. This Act will enable jobless Canadians to claim a job as a social right by applying to the public local employment office. It will in effect replace the major purposes of the present inadequate unemployment insurance legislation. It will provide that where moving or retraining a worker is the best way to provide a job, the government will cover the full cost including payment of fair wages during the training or moving.  Both in overall planning and in the Guaranteed Employment Act, the New Democratic government will give priority to providing much needed social capitalhouses, schools, hospitals, roads, parks and other recreational facilities. Furthermore, it will undertake to create new means for the production of industrial power, to conserve our natural resources, to build an integrated transport system, to assist municipalities with their plans for development and to establish new industries. Some of these projects will be maintained in process at strategic points to be speeded up if the employment situation so requires.  A DYNAR'tIC FUTURE  A New Democratic government will accept the challenge of being the architect of Canada's economic future. It will plan for continuous growth, for a dynamic, expanding economy. Yet growth  CAMPAIGN OF 1962 271`  by itself is not enough; it must have a social purpose. The New Democratic government will harness this growth:  a) to achieve and maintain full employment of manpower and resources, natural and developed;  b) to allocate these resources in a just and rational manner among the various public and private uses to which they might be put;  c) to distribute the wealth produced by Canadians in such a way as will assure to all a decent standard of living, and allow every individual the opportunity to achieve his best.  It is here that the New Democratic party differs  fundamentally from the other parties. They have been forced by events into increasing intervention in the economy, but their tinkering has been reluctant. They still believe in the discredited 19th century superstition that a host of unrelated, unplaned private decisions will somehow "work out" in the public interest.  That this is not so is tragically clear. The Canadian people have paid dearly for lack of planning. Senseless waste, needless hardship, chronic unemployment have been its results. All this in the midst of glaring need for social projectsschools, hospitals, public works and decent housingto enrich the lives of a people willing and able to produce them.  Old party governments suffer from yet another superstition: they continue to speak piously of "free enterprise". In its name they have weakened the economic strength of Canada and her people. The truth is that the economy is effectively in the hands of corporate giants, and true freedom of enterprise has been stiffed. The New Democratic government will expand opportunities for genuine private initiative by providing stable economic growth and by curbing corporate control.  At the same time, New Democrats believe that direct public accountability and control in some areas of the economy are, by their nature, more suitable and desirable. The New Democratic government will expand public and cooperative ownership for such purposes as the operation of utilities, the development of resources, the elimination of monopoly concentrations of power, and the operation of major enterprises immediately and directly affecting the entire nation.  PLANNING  The New Democratic government will spell out its plans clearly; objectives at each stage and the proposed means of reaching them will be detailed and explicit. They will be responsive to changing needs and public wishes.  All major economic groups will be consulted in the planning process. Their participation will be enlisted through an Economic Advisory Council representing agriculture, other primary producers, commerce, industry, labour and consumers.  The plans will be laid before Parliament. Canadians will be able to evaluate, criticize, and add their voices. Private groups and individuals will be in a position to adapt their own plans to those of the government.  Planning will be democratic. The Cabinet, re  sponsible to the people through Parliament, will be the ultimate planning authority. A Committee of Ministers of the major economic departments will act for the Cabinet in developing the plans and coordinating the programs and policies of all departments and agencies. The plans will be put into effect through radically new uses of traditional instruments like the national budget and the Bank of Canada, and through new bodies such as an Investment Board.  Planning cannot be fully effective in Canada unless there is wide cooperation between the federal and provincial governments. Such cooperative planning is the best way to offset unbalanced centralization and to encourage provincial participation, and is the surest guarantee of provincial rights.  Therefore, the New Democratic government will establish a permanent FederalProvincial Planning and Development Council. Its purpose will be to make recommendations to governmental authorities which will assure the coordination and consistency of their economic plans and policies. t will be a link between the federal government and the provinces in economic matters. Cooperative planning which respects federal and provincial spheres of action must replace onesided decisions in such matters as the division of tax fields, the determination of equalization grants, and the establishment of joint programs.  INVESTMENT AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST  A rational and dynamic investment policy is central to New Democratic planning.  Under corporation control of investment, Canada has experienced overinvestment and inflation followed by underinvestment and unemployment in a succession of humps and hollows. All the while the allocation of investment funds has been unrelated to overall social needs.  The New Democratic party believes that the investment of capital must be directed to serve public need, such as the location of industry with  a recognition of social as well as economic considerations. To this end it will establish a federal Investment Board. By planning and regulating investment, including that derived from company reserves, the Investment Board will promote steady economic growth and full employment without inflation. It will also maintain a reasonable balance between public and private needs in the division of investment funds.  A Canadian Development Fund will be set up to give Canadians a greater opportunity to invest in the future of their own country. It,will mobilize and channel the funds of insurance, trust and similar companies, and will be available to individuals with small amounts to invest. It will have at its disposal some of the proceeds of the proposed new taxation measures.  Realistic monetary and credit policies are essential to economic growth, and must be adjusted to meet investment requirements. The Bank of Canada and other government agencies will be required to act in accordance with established government policy.  CONTROL BY CANADIANS  New Democratic investment policy seeks to break monopoly control over Canadian industry and resources.  Modern corporate expansion is financed mainly out of huge corporation reserves. As no one but the corporation has any control over these investment reserves and the uses to which they are put, the hold on the nation's economy by a few becomes greater each year.  If this private control over investment were confined entirely within our own borders, the situation would be alarming enough. But the truth is that most large corporations in Canada are themselves controlled from other countries, chiefly from the United States. Through their huge reserves, accumulated in Canada, these foreign corporations are able to extend their economic control by using our own money. This threatens the right of Canadians to direct their own economic activity; if permitted to go unchecked, it will endanger Canada's political independence.  The old parties have talked about this problem a great deal, but they have done nothing about it. The solutions they propose will solve nothing; control will still remain in foreign hands. The only adequate solution is that provided by the investment and taxation policies of the New Democratic party. These will enable the government to direct an increasing proportion of the investment reserves of corporations, both foreign and domestic, in accordance with Canadian economic objectives.  In addition legislation will be introduced to make all companies operating in Canada more effectively Canadian by insistence on a minimum percentage of their capital and membership of their boards of directors being held by Canadians resident in Canada. The federal New Democratic government, and where possible the provincial governments, will negotiate over a period of years the selective repatriation of Canada's resources and industries. The processing of Canathan natural resources on Canadian territory will be encouraged. Foreign owned or controlled companies will be compelled to conform to the laws affecting Canadian companies and be subject Jo the policies of the Canadian government and not to the policies of their foreign counterparts.  PROGRESSIVE TAXES  The New Democratic government's taxation policy will be a basic part of its planning. It will divert funds from private to public investment, redistribute the national income on a fairer basis and help to regulate the pace of economic activity.  A large part of the accumulated investment funds of private companies must flow into the public treasury, there to be used to realize public economic objectives. This will be accomplished through:  a) an increase in the corporation tax rate, especially on undistributed profits;  b) reduction in excessive depreciation and depletion allowances;  c) limitations on the deductions now allowed for advertising and sales promotion;  d) a tax on capital gains;  e) increased succession duties.  The present tax structure will be reformed by such steps as:  a) reduction in the tax burden on lower income groups;  b) abolition of the special privileges which now go to the recipients of corporation dividends;  c) stricter control of expense accounts and similar allowances, to eliminate taxdodging;  d) removal of the federal sales tax and special excise tax from the necessities of life.  THE CONSUMER  Everyone in Canada is a consumer. The New Democratic party truly represents the consumers and will see to it that their ideas are incorporated in its economic and social programs. The price of what we eat, or wear, the rent we pay, the quality of the goods we buy are all vital elements in our welfare. We work to live and what we are able to consume is the measure of our ability as producers and is the final economic test of our policies.  The New Democratic government will protect the Canadian consumer against unscrupulous promotion techniques, misleading advertising, poor quality and overpriced goods, and will also protect the consumer by regulating the level of prices throughout the economy. Regulations governing quality, content description, packaging, advertising and sales promotion will be strengthened and fully enforced.  Where food and drugs are concerned, safeguarding the public interest is particularly important. The New Democratic government will take energetic measures to prevent the drug industry from exploiting the public and will revise patent laws wherever necessary. These measures will include licensing manufacturers and, where necessary, producing essential drugs under public auspices. The sale of drugs under their generic or chemical names will be encouraged, since they cost the consumer much less than the same drugs under their brand names. Along with provinces and consumer organizations, the New Democratic government will en courage consumer research and education. A member of the Cabinet, assisted by a research organization, will be charged with the responsibility of representing this consumer point of' view on all issues.  The New Democratic government will fix limits on interest rates charged on consumer credit.  Credit unions and cooperative organizations will be fostered, as a bulwark of consumer selfhelp.  KEEPING THE WHEELS TURNING  Since economic progress rests ultimately on Y j power and transportation the New Democratic government will plan and develop rational and balanced energy and transportation systems.  A federal Energy Commission will be established. It will enlist the cooperation of the provinces in building a coordinated program for; dveloping and distributing all forms of energy resourcesgoal, oil, natural gas, electricity and; nuclear power. Present programs to harness the atom for additional power will be stepped up.  To achieve the most efficient use of each type of transportation, the New Democratic government will develop a federal transportation policy, again working in concert with the provinces.  A federal Transportation Authority will seek to establish a planned transportation system in which each type of service will be used for the purpose for which it is best suited. The various transportation facilitiesrail, air, water, road and pipelinewill be coordinated on the basis of the allocation of costs, revenues and services according to regions and types of carrier. Destructive and wasteful duplication will give way to coordination.  The resulting economies will help to keep rates down, and to provide security of employment at fair wages. In any reorganization of the industry, the rights of workers to employment and the welfare of their communities will be prime considerations. There will be no elimination of work until suitable new jobs with equal standards of living are available elsewhere.  EXPANDED TRADE  Expansion of our trade with any and all countries willing to trade on a fair and equitable basis will benefit both ourselves and them. Careful planning is needed to adjust our production to the trade requirements of a fully employed economy. Tariffs are outmoded, patchwork attempts to protect domestic industry; they restrict trade while giving less and less protection to the home industry. Their growth is an inevitable result of an economy that tolerates unemployment. Only through a positive approach can Canada enjoy the benefits of expanded trade without hardship to specific groups and communities.  New Democratic planning for full employment will give Canada that new approach. In the planned, orderly growth and strengthening of the economy, adjustments to meet trade needs will be made more easily. The New Democratic government will make such adjustments in ways which will see workers absorbed into new jobs, and industrial production diverted to communities affected. For suitable commodities federal marketing or purchasing boards will be established.  Active association will be sought with the European common market and free trade areas. At the same time. a concerted program to foster trade with the Caribhean and Latin America will be pushed, and the possibility of hemisphere trading arrangements will be explored. Low interest rates and longterm credits to the Americas and  the new nations of Africa and Asia will be used to promote Canada's trade.  Many of our industries must specialize their production in terms of world markets if they are to flourish. The New Democratic government will seek means to assist them achieve a stable flow of trade at fair prices. 1t will negotiate with other trading nations to develop common programs of production and marketing in specific industries.  In planning Canada's trade, the New Democratic government will work with international economic agencies to promote higher living standards everywhere and to expand world trade and balanced economic development. It will press for the establishment of an International Trade Organization.  AREA REDEVELOPMENT  The New Democratic government will plan the development of renewed economic strength in those areas of our country which have not shared in Canada's growth. New Democratic transportation policy will take into account the special circumstances of those areas, and wherever possible, government purchases will be channelled to them.  Special attention will be given to a locationofindustry policy, similar to successful programs in Britain, Sweden and other countries. This policy will include tax concessions and other assistance to private industry, as well as public investment.  A program of longrange, basic public works, supported by federal grants, will be undertaken in the Atlantic region. The harnessing of tidal power in the Bay of Fundy, in concert with planned economic development in the area, is an example of the regional development programs that will be undertaken. A Capital Projects Commission will be established to coordinate this program.  SHARING THE BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION  Nothing demonstrates the need for planning more than automation and other technological advances. Without planning, the new technology will result in human misery and waste of resources on a stupendous scale; wisely planned, it will make possible an unprecedented increase in standards of living.  The New Democratic government will assure the Canadian people that the benefits of the age of automation will be shared by all, through higher incomes and growing opportunities for constructive use of leisure time. Vigorous measures will be taken to protect the public against monopoly control of automated industries. In addition, Canada will be able to take a larger share of responsibility for world development, to help all mankind share in the new abundance.  The New Democratic government will initiate research into the impact and application of automation. When automation is introduced in an industry, the interests of the workers and their communities will be safeguarded. Special programs will be undertaken to retrain and relocate displaced workers and to establish new industry in communities where obsolete plants must be closed.  PLANNED IMMIGRATION  The New Democratic government, with its program to build a strong economy, will encourage immigration to Canada. More people are needed to help this country realize its full potential. Their arrival will be related realistically to the expanding opportunities, training, and housing which New Democratic planning will provide. They will be protected against unscrupulous exploitation by employers and others.  Racial discrimination will be eliminated from the Immigration Act, regulations and practices, and fair consideration of all applications for admission will be ensured.  Proper services will be set up to assist new Canadians in establishing themselves in the community, and provision will be made for the teaching of our two official languages.  NEw HOPE FOR THE FARMER  The family farm is the basic unit of agricultural production and a desirable institution of our society. New Democratic objectives for agriculture are maximum food production for Canada and a hungry world, and effective marketing machinery to ensure fair and reasonable farm income.  The New Democratic government will free the farmer from the effects of the costprice squeeze. It will lower farm production costs by ending monopoly control over farm machinery, fertilizers, chemicals and other supplies. Cooperatives will be encouraged and assisted to meet needs in these fields and, where necessary, public ownership will be developed.  Longterm loans at low interest will be available for farm improvement and to help young farmers to acquire the land and modern machinery necessary for a successful farm career.  To offset the adverse effects of vertical integration of farm processes by private companies, assistance will be given to farmers to build cooperatives for processing and marketing their own farm produce. This assistance will include provision of credit on favourable terms.  The New Democratic government will assure producers of sufficient marketing power by:  a) development of federal producer marketing boards to coordinate the work of provincial  marketing boards;  b) encouragement of cooperative and publicly sponsored facilities for storing, processing and distributing farm products;  c) development of programs to increase domestic levels of consumption;  d) distribution of surplus food to the needy of other lands in such a way as to avoid economic dislocation, and support for the establishment of a World Food Bank;  e) vigorous and imaginative efforts to sell surplus products such as wheat, including the acceptance of part payment in sterling or currencies of other countries, longterm commodity agreements, credit arrangements, barter and other bilateral trade agreements;  f) giving the Wheat Board permanent status. The New Democratic government will institute  a parity price policy to provide levels of farm income consistent with the rest of the economy.  It will do this through a system of guaranteed prices based on total farm costs supplement by deficiency and other compensatory payments where necessary.  New Democratic policy will include a comprehensive system of crop insurance and a program of resource conservation and development. This will encompass more effective use of land and shifts in production to meet changing market demands.  Adequate social and community services are a vitally important to rural living. The cooperation of provincial and municipal governments will be sought to extend and improve health services, transportation, electric power and communications in rural areas. Particular attention will be given, in cooperation with the provinces, to extending vocational training for rural youth, including education in modern farming methods.  COOPERATIVES AND CREDIT UNIONS  Cooperative societies and credit unions, democratically controlled and supported by millions of Canadians, are important forms of social ownership. They have demonstrated in convincing fashion that they can perform an essential and useful function in the economic life of our country. They benefit both producers and consumers.  Cooperative organizations of farmers and fishermen have helped provide income security for these major producer groups. They have contributed substantially to the social advance of those areas where they are strong.  Consumer cooperatives have combined efficient service and competitive prices with leverage against exploitation by privatelyowned monopolies and chain organizations.  Credit unions meet the very real financial needs of both rural and urban Canadians. For these reasons the extension of cooperatives and credit union organizations must be a major objective of the New Democratic party. To achieve this a, federal Department of Cooperatives will be established; a federal Cooperative Associations Act and a federal Cooperative Credit Act will be passed. The department will work in closest liaison with the cooperative movement and provincial departments of cooperatives wherever they exist.  SMALL BUSINESS  Operating on limited capital resources, small business enterprises are increasingly vulnerable to economic downturns and depressions. Therefore, the continuous economic growth which will result from New Democratic economic planning will be of particular benefit to them, enabling them to enjoy real economic security. In addition, the New Democratic policy of curbing excessive promotion and misleading advertising will help to protect them against unfair competition.  A new division of the Department of Trade and Commerce will be established, with field offices to serve small business. It will keep businessmen informed of economic trends and new developments in technology, provide technical assistance and advice and simplify government forms required from small businesses.  The activities of the Industrial Development Bank will be expanded to help small businesses in merchandising and service fields, as well as in manufacturing, to secure capital for sound expansion, renovation and new equipment at low interest rates and on long repayment terms. Particular attention will be given to ways and means of assisting small business in getting adequate working capital.  A SOUND FISHING INDUSTRY  The New Democratic government will seek the enlargement of domestic and foreign markets for useful function in the economic life of our country. They benefit both producers and consumers.  Cooperative organizations of farmers and fishermen have helped provide income security for these major producer groups. They have contributed substantially to the social advance of those areas where they are strong.  Consumer cooperatives have combined efficient service and competitive prices with leverage against exploitation by privatelyowned monopolies and chain organizations.  Credit unions meet the very real financial needs of both rural and urban Canadians. For these reasons the extension of cooperatives and credit union organizations must be a major objective of the New Democratic party. To achieve this a, federal Department of Cooperatives will be established; a federal Cooperative Associations Act and a federal Cooperative Credit Act will be passed. The department will work in closest liaison with the cooperative movement and provincial departments of cooperatives wherever they exist.  SMALL BUSINESS  Operating on limited capital resources, small business enterprises are increasingly vulnerable to economic downturns and depressions. Therefore, the continuous economic growth which will result from New Democratic economic planning will be of particular benefit to them, enabling them to enjoy real economic security. In addition, the New Democratic policy of curbing excessive promotion and misleading advertising will help to protect them against unfair competition.  A new division of the Department of Trade and Commerce will be established, with field offices to serve small business. It will keep businessmen informed of economic trends and new developments in technology, provide technical assistance and advice and simplify government forms required from small businesses.  The activities of the Industrial Development Bank will be expanded to help small businesses in merchandising and service fields, as well as in manufacturing, to secure capital for sound expansion, renovation and new equipment at low interest rates and on long repayment terms. Particular attention will be given to ways and means of assisting small business in getting adequate working capital.  A SOUND FISHING INDUSTRY  The New Democratic government will seek the enlargement of domestic and foreign markets for  Canadian fish products, through promotion of consumption and negotiating abroad. An expanding research program will be undertaken to conserve and increase the fisherman's harvest, improve its marketability, and diversify the use of fisheries byproducts.  Marketing through cooperatives will be encouraged and, where necessary, government marketing boards established. The means will be provided for a system of guaranteed forward prices to assure income security to the fisherman.  A fisheries marketing board will be created to secure the most favourable terms for Canadian fish products in world markets. Regional boards will be set up to examine all aspects of the industry and make appropriate recommendations.  Substantial government assistance will be made available in the form of working capital and loans for capital expenditures to expand cooperative plants and modernize processing methods. This assistance will, in part, be directed towards providing offshore fleets with large trawlers and other necessary equipment to permit a better competitive status with foreign fishing industries making use of Canadian offshore waters.  In cooperation with the provinces, a program of technical training will be carried out, to ensure a higher degree of efficiency in the industry and better opportunity for small fishing concerns.  A Canadian Coast Guard system will be established in all maritime regions.  II. SECURITY AND FREEDOM  The New Democratic government will establish a comprehensive, farreaching and systematic program of social securitya program to ensure a standard of living which will enable every Canadian to live in health and selfrespect.  Canada's present approach to social security is inadequate and unrealistic: a patchwork of legislation which provides neither proper minimum standards nor adequate coverage for all those who need it. Entire groups of needy peoplethe sick, the blind, the agedhave little or no security. These people need protection, and the New Democratic party is determined to provide it. In doing so it will act in accordance with the principles set forth in the section in this program entitled Cooperative Federalism.  A HEALTH PLAN FOR CANADA  Believing that a country's most precious possession is the health of its citizens, the New Demo  cratic government will introduce a National Health Plan, providing benefits to those who need them without regard to their ability to pay.  The plan will cover a full range of services: medical, surgical, dental and optical treatment, as well as prescribed drugs and appliances. It will be built on the present hospital insurance program and, like it, will be evolved and administered in cooperation with provincial governments. The medical, dental, nursing and other professions concerned will be consulted at all stages, and their cooperation will be sought.  The New Democratic government will immediately plan to meet the serious shortage of health personnel who are essential to the success of a National Health Plan. It will cooperate with the provinces to overcome this shortage by providing financial assistance for scholarships, new and expanded teaching centres, and postgraduate and research facilities.  FEDERAL RETIREMENT PLAN  The New Democratic government will introduce a new and realistic Retirement Plan to provide for Canada's older citizens. It will be a twostage plan, consisting of contributory and noncontributory features:  a) the present Old Age pension will be increased to $75 per month as the basic pension, available to everyone at the age of 65, with no means test;  b) a contributory plan will be set up to provide retirement benefits above this minimum.  The objective will be to provide all elderly people with an income amounting to at least half the income they averaged during their best earning years. A reasonable maximum will be set on the amount of pension. The Retirement Plan will provide for adjustments to take into account increased productivity and rising costs.  The Retirement Plan will be completely portableit will belong to the individual no matter where he works or how often he changes jobs.  Private plans will provide supplementary retirement benefits for those who wish them. They will, of course, have certain standards to meet, including that of portability.  SICKNESS, SURVIVOR AND OTHER BENEFITS  When the breadwinner of a family dies or is not working because of sickness, the needs of the family for which he provided must still be met.  The New Democratic government will introduce a program available both to employees and the selfemployed, providing income during illness or accident which is not covered by Workmen's Compensation. The program will include maternity benefits.  Benefits will be paid to dependent survivors on the death of the breadwinner, and the government will sponsor a term life insurance plan through the Annuities Branch, on a voluntary basis, for supplementary coverage.  The Unemployment Insurance Act will be overhauled to provide increased benefits and coverage.  The New Democratic government will review veterans' benefits, and make improvements taking into account changing costs and needs.  It will increase family allowance payments to restore the buying power th,y carried when first introduced, and it will extend them to cover children beyond the age of 16 who remain in school.  It will increase pensions to blind people to $75 a month, and make adjustments to disability pensions.  All these plans will provide for automatic ad justments in payments ac productivity or living ! costs rise.  MAN AGAINST DISEASE  Man's imagination has been stirred by the first steps in the conquest of space. Surely at least as worthy a challenge to our ingenuity is the conquest of disease. The prevention and cure of cancer, heart ailments, arthritis, mental illness and other crippling or killing diseases together with the provision of adequate rehabilitation facilities are rewarding goals for Canada.  Under the New Democratic government, Canada will be in the vanguard of the worldwide; offensive against disease. The New Democratic government will establish a Canadian Medical .Research Centre for a wide range of medical research and will staff it with the most able people available.  Money will be provided to undertake longrange laboratory and field projects, to stimulate medical research across the country, and coordinate the work now being done by voluntary  as well as university and state organizations. The'Centre will exchange staff, technical data and research findings with other countries through the World Health Organization, UNESCO and national medical research organizations.  The Centre will also provide inservice training for promising graduates, in order to ensure the; continued availability of competent research personnel. This training program will be financed from a Federal Fellowship Fund, and will be carried out in consultation with the provinces.  CANADIAN LABOUR STANDARDS  The New Democratic government will seek the cooperation of the provinces in achieving couptrywide minimum labour standards. The New Democratic objective is a National Labour Code covering all categories of workers, enacted jointly by the federal parliament and provincial legislatures, to establish:  a) an adequate minimum wage;  b) a fiveday, 40hour work week;  c) at least two weeks of vacation with pay each year;  d) eight statutory holidays with pay each year;  e) occupational, health and safety codes;  f) improved and strengthened collective bargaining laws designed to guarantee all basic democratic rights to the working people of Canada, and to encourage interprovincial or countrywide bargaining where appropriate;  g) full protection of the right of association and union security;  h) a fair remuneration code to provide for equal pay for comparable work performed by either sex.  The New Democratic government will amend the Criminal Code to establish the right to picket.  The freedom of all public servants to choose their own associations will be recognized, and they will be given the right to bargain collectively.  The New Democratic government will ratify all conventions adopted by the International Labour Organization of the United Nations. It will put into effect immediately those within the jurisdic tion of the federal government, and will urge provincial legislatures to follow suit within their jurisdictions. Furthermore, it will seek the agreement of the provinces in bringing under federal jurisdiction the power to ratify and put into effect all internationallyset labour standards.  HOMES FOR OUR FAMILIES  Many thousands of Canadian families are with out proper housing, and still more thousands pay more than they can afford to house themselves.  Particularly hard hit are pensioners and low in come families whose other needs are neglected because of the high cost of shelter.  The New Democratic government will establish a federal Housing Authority to deal with this problem. In close cooperation and consultation with provincial and municipal governments, it will undertake the planning and construction of a wide range of rural and urban housing accommodation, town and community planning, urban redevelopment, the eradication of slum areas, and .he preservation and extension of green belts, parks and recreation centres.  The concern of the New Democratic government will extend beyond the mere provision of shelter, though that will have a high priority. Its objectives will be to help create an attractive neighbourhood and community into which the individual home may fit, and to impart variety and adaptability to modern population centres.  The Housing Authority, including the existing Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, will administer and greatly extend the services provided under the existing National Housing Act. Increased financial assistance will be made available to provinces and municipalities for the largescale construction of low rental accommodation, subsidized where necessary. In addition, the range of dwellings available for low down payments will be increased. Mortgage money will be provided at not more than three percent.  The Housing Authority will promote the establishment of regional planning departments, to ensure the best possible use of land for all kinds of development. It will maintain high quality construction standards in public housing, and will eliminate land speculation and profiteering.  EDUCATION AND THE ARTS  The New Democratic party believes that education is a matter of basic human rights; every young person is entitled to an opportunity to develop his talents to the full.  Education is also a matter of sound economics. The best investment we can make is investment in our people. The greatest single factor making for increasing economic productivity and strength is human knowledge and skill. We need these not only to build the good society at home, but to carry out our international obligations abroad.  New Democrats recognize that the provinces have an inalienable constitutional right to control all phases of educational policy within their respective boundaries. At the same time, the provinces cannot carry out their responsibilities in this field without adequate means.  In order to ensure that provinces and municipalities are able to fulfil their obligations in the field of education, the New Democratic government will make necessary financial arrangements problem. In close co-operation and consultation with provincial and municipal governments, it will undertake the planning and construction of a wide range of rural and urban housing accommodation, town and community planning, urban redevelopment, the eradication of slum areas, and .he preservation and extension of green belts, parks and recreation centres.  The concern of the New Democratic government will extend beyond the mere provision of shelter, though that will have a high priority. Its objectives will be to help create an attractive neighbourhood and community into which the individual home may fit, and to impart variety and adaptability to modern population centres.  The Housing Authority, including the existing Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, will administer and greatly extend the services provided under the existing National Housing Act. Increased financial assistance will be made available to provinces and municipalities for the large scale construction of low rental accommodation, subsidized where necessary. In addition, the range of dwellings available for low down payments will be increased. Mortgage money will be provided at not more than three percent.  The Housing Authority will promote the establishment of regional planning departments, to ensure the best possible use of land for all kinds of development. It will maintain high quality construction standards in public housing, and will eliminate land speculation and profiteering.  EDUCATION AND THE ARTS  The New Democratic party believes that education is a matter of basic human rights; every young person is entitled to an opportunity to develop his talents to the full.  Education is also a matter of sound economics. The best investment we can make is investment in our people. The greatest single factor making for increasing economic productivity and strength is human knowledge and skill. We need these not only to build the good society at home, but to carry out our international obligations abroad.  New Democrats recognize that the provinces have an inalienable constitutional right to control all phases of educational policy within their respective boundaries. At the same time, the provinces cannot carry out their responsibilities in this field without adequate means.  In order to ensure that provinces and municipalities are able to fulfil their obligations in the field of education, the New Democratic government will make necessary financial arrangements with the provinces to permit tae provide:  a) free education at ail kw~ b al those who can benefit from it;  b) scholarships and bursaries and living allowances to assist students;  c) capital for school and university expansion;  d) adequate training facilities and salaries for teachers.  Full development of the human potential requires education beyond the school-leaving age. The New Democratic government will therefore encourage, assist and establish adult education agencies and programs.  The New Democratic government will defend the integrity and independence of the .Canadian Broadcasting Corporation against subversion either by governments or by private interests.  The New Democratic government will make funds available to enable the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to expand greatly the work it is already doing in developing Canadian talent and producing Canadian programs. It will also see to it that private stations contribute their fair share to this important effort.  The New Democratic government will strengthen the National Film Board and enable it to expand its activities. Special consideration will be given to the development of a film industry under both public and private auspices.  The scope and funds of the Canada Council and other agencies set up to foster Canadian culture and encourage artistic ability will be greatly expanded. Centres for the encouragement and promotion of drama and the arts will be set up across the country so that opportunity will be provided for worthwhile use of people's increasing leisure time.  III. A MORE COMPLETE DEMOCRACY  CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM  This program is a statement of the federal aims of the New Democratic party and is therefore concerned with the exercise of federal powers. In each province, a program fitted to their particular needs and aspirations will be democratically prepared and presented to provincial electors by a provincial New Democratic party. However, the federal party is vitally concerned with relations between the federal and provincial governments.  The New Democratic party strongly affirms its belief in a federal system which alone insures the united development of the two nations which originally associated to form the Canadian part nership, as well as that of other ethnic groups which later made Canada their home. Canada's constitution particularly guarantees the national identity of French Canadians and the development of their culture. The New Democratic party will fully maintain and respect these guarantees. Canadian federalism must provide for the protection of cultural, religious and other democratic rights, permit the vigorous and balanced growth of the country as a whole, and assure provincial autonomy.  The New Democratic party believes that social  and economic planning must take place at all levels of government. It therefore looks to close collaboration amongst responsible governments to coordinate plans and administration and to set Canadian minimum standards.  Immediately following Confederation, a federal minister was given special responsibility for relations with the provinces. It is time to revive this  post. The New Democratic government will create ;  a department of Federal-Provincial Relations to i  maintain and extend co-operation with the provinces, to co-ordinate and act as a special secretariat for joint committees and councils.  The New Democratic party believes that consultation at the highest level is necessary for the smooth working of our federal institutions. The New Democratic government will therefore establish a regular Prime Ministers' Conference, to be attended by the prime minister of Canada and the premiers of the provinces.  If federalism is to be a reality as well as a legal principle, each government must control sufficient funds to carry out its constitutional responsibilities. 1  It is, indeed, one of the federal government's basic functions to redistribute wealth and income, in collaboration with the provinces, so that the provinces will have at their disposal comparable means for fulfilling their constitutional obligations. The New Democratic party believes that in a federal system equalization grants are the best method of achieving this objective. Unconditional grants of this sort must therefore be used more frequently and should eventually replace conditional grants.  The New Democratic government will constantly seek the joint participation of the federal government and the provinces in financing programs for the general welfare of Canadians, but it will ensure that this participation is the result of free negotiation and consultation between governments and not the product of unilateral federal decision. It believes, furthermore, that a province should be free to remain outside such programmes, but in doing so it would not delay other provinces and the federal government in proceeding with their plans. However, in areas affecting education, language and similar rights now in the British North America Act, where a province does not participate in a joint program it wilt not forego its right to equivalent funds.  Canadians still do not have complete control of their constitution. The British Parliament reluctantly retains an amending power because we have not been able to agree on purely domestic procedures for changing the terms of the BNA Act. The federal New Democratic government will pledge itself to work out a reasonable method of amendment with the provinces. This method must be flexible enough to meet modern needs but must also entrench basic education, language and similar rights now in the BNA Act, as well as the political rights essential to a parliamentary democracy.  Since the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London, the Supreme Court of Canada has become the final court of appeal in constitutional cases. It acts as an arbiter in conflicts of jurisdiction between governments. At present this constitutional court suffers the disability of being based only on a federal statute. The New Democratic patty believes that the organization and jurisdiction of our Supreme Court should be defined in the constitution itself.  CANADA AS A NATION  Since 1867, Canada has gradually built an enviable reputation in the world of nations. Our pride in Canada as a nation is enhanced by our consciousness of the two national aehures which form the basis of Canadian life. We are indeed aware that those who have their roots in the French-speaking community frequentiv and legitimately use the word "nation" to describe French Canada itself. The New Democratic party believes that true Canadian unity depends upon equal recognition and respect for both the nsain cultures of our country.  Canada has been further enriched by the infusion of many other national, cultural and linguistic strains. True Canadian identity lies in honouring these traditions and weaving them into the texture of Canada. The New Democratic party fully respects and will protect the traditions and cultures of Canadians of all ethnic backgrounds.  It recognizes the special economic needs and problems of the original inhabitants of Canada, the Indians and Eskimos, whose traditional modes of living have been disrupted by modern civilization. The New Democratic government will accord them full political and social rights as Canadian citizens.  The New Democratic party believes that the full expression of Canadian nationhood requires a distinctive Canadian flag and anthem.  BILL of RiGHTs  The New Democratic government will maintain and protect the parliamentary and political freedoms which are our inheritance.  From time to time these freedoms have been threatened and tuldamined by the action of governments. The peat Canadian Bill of Rights is entirely inadequate to assure them. It is subject to repeal or amendment, and may be overruled by any subsequent Act of Parliament. It does not apply to provincial and municipal legislation, and its general terms are of no effect against specific provisions in legislation now in force.  The New Democratic government will safeguard our fundamental freedoms by seeking the collaboration of the provinces to incorporate them in the Canadian constitution, where they will be free from legislative infringement. Among the basic political rights to be thus entrenched are:  a) freedom of religion;  b) freedom of speech;  c) freedom of association;  d) freedom of assembly;  e) freedom from discrimination in employment, housing and services.  A STRENGTHENED PARLIAMENT  The New Democratic government will seek to improve the democratic machinery of Parliament.  It will provide greatly extended research facilities for the members of opposition parties, to enable them to become acquainted with and make use of information now at the disposal of the government alone.  It will undertake studies with a view to setting up a more functional and more smoothly operating Parliamentary committee system. This will allow private members of all parties to contribute effectively to the analysis of government legislation and the operation of agencies and Crown corporations.  It will seek the abolition of the Senate.  The integrity of Parliament depends ultimately upon the integrity of the political parties represented in it. To safeguard Parliament against the control of parties by hidden, wealthy contributors, the New Democratic government will introduce legislation requiring full publicity for political contributions, and a reasonable and effective limitation on campaign expenditures.  with the provinces to permit them to provide:  a) free education at all levels to all those who can benefit from it;  b) scholarships and bursaries and living allowances to assist students;  c) capital for school and university expansion;  d) adequate training facilities and salaries for teachers.  Full deve!opment of the human potential requires education beyond the school-leaving age. The New Democratic government will therefore encourage, assist and establish adult education agencies and programs.  The New Democratic government will defend the integrity and independence of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation against subversion either by governments or by private interests.  The New Democratic government will make funds available to enable the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to expand greatly the work it is already doing in developing Canadian talent and producing Canadian programs. It will also see to it that private stations contribute their fair share to this important effort.  The New Democratic government will strengthen the National Film Board and enable it to expand its activities. Special consideration will be given to the development of a film industry under both public and private auspices.  The scope and funds of the Canada Council and other agencies set up to foster Canadian culture and encourage artistic ability will be greatly expanded. Centres for the encouragement and promotion of drama and the arts will be set up across the country so that opportunity will be provided for worthwhile use of people's increasing leisure time.  III. A MORE COMPLETE DEMOCRACY  CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM  This program is a statement of the federal aims of the New Democratic party and is therefore concerned with the exercise of federal powers. In each province, a program fitted to their particular needs and aspirations will be democratically prepared and presented to provincial electors by a provincial New Democratic party. However, the federal party is vitally concerned with relations between the federal and provincial governments.  The New Democratic party strongly affirms its belief in a federal system which alone insures the united development of the two nations which originally associated to form the Canadian part nership, as well as that of other ethnic groups which later made Canada their home. Canada's constitution particularly guarantees the national identity of French Canadians and the development of their culture. The New Democratic party will fully maintain and respect these guarantees. Canadian federalism must provide for the protection of cultural, religious and other democratic rights, permit the vigorous and balanced growth of the country as a whole, and assure provincial autonomy.  The New Democratic party believes that social and economic planning must take place at all levels of government. It therefore looks to close collaboration amongst responsible governments to coordinate plans and administration and to set Canadian minimum standards.  Immediately following Confederation, a federal minister was given special responsibility for relations with the provinces. It is time to revive this post. The New Democratic government will create a department of Federal-Provincial Relations to maintain and extend co-operation with the provinces, to co-ordinate and act as a special secretariat for joint committees and councils.  The New Democratic party believes that consultation at the highest level is necessary for the smooth working of our federal institutions. The New Democratic government will therefore establish a regular Prime Ministers' Conference, to be attended by the prime minister of Canada and the premiers of the provinces.  If federalism is to be a reality as well as a legal principle, each government must control sufficient funds to carry out its constitutional responsibilities.  It is, indeed, one of the federal government's basic functions to redistribute wealth and income, in collaboration with the provinces, so that the provinces will have at their disposal comparable means for fulfilling their constitutional obligations. The New Democratic party believes that in a federal system equalization grants are the best method of achieving this objective. Unconditional grants of this sort must therefore be used more frequently and should eventually replace conditional grants.  The New Democratic government will constantly seek the joint participation of the federal government and the provinces in financing programs for the general welfare of Canadians, but it will ensure that this participation is the result of free negotiation and consultation between governments and not the product of unilateral federal decision. It believes, furthermore, that a province should be free to remain outside such programmes, but in doing so it would not delay other provinces and the federal government in proceeding with IV. CO-OPERATION FOR PEACE  The world has changed drastically since World War II. Powers long dominant have declined in importance; others have emerged to positions of prominence. Vast areas of the world, silent for centuries, insist that their voices be heard and already have gained a place of importance in world affairs.  In the struggle between democracy and totalitarianism, Canada cannot evade its responsibility; it must always stand squarely on the side of freedom and with the genuine forces of freedom. However, the nature of this struggle is constantly changing. Revolutionary developments in weapons have underlined the danger and absurdity of rdlying on military strength as the chief means of settling international disputes. It is increasingly evident that the traditional policy of accumulating arms diverts us from channels of action through which truly effective policies can be pursued.  These developments require new departures in Canada's contribution to the emerging world community. The New Democratic party believes that Canada's foreign and defence policies must be reappraised and reshaped if we are to play an effective part in the world's search for peace.  INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS  Canada cannot act alone. The New Democratic party believes that our country has a significant role to play in building a world community. We must, like all states, choose the institutions which can be strengthened and adapted with our help and initiative to achieve the goals we seek.  United Nations  The United Nations represents the best hope of progress towards a durable peace as well as the only existing world instrument of international conciliation. But if it is to become a body truly capable of enforcing the Rule of Law, each member state must turn over to it a part of its sovereignty. Under the New Democratic government, Canada will give leadership in this direction, and will support every measure designed to enhance the prestige, authority and jurisdiction of the United Nations and its agencies.  Canada is obligated under the UN Charter "to make available . . . armed forces, assistance and facilities . . . for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security." It is time now for us, in concert with other middle and smaller powers, to insist that the General Assembly find ways to create a permanent international police force. The New Democratic government will immediately create a well-equipped mobile force at the call of the United Nations. New Democrats welcome the addition of many new nations to the councils of the United Nations and warmly congratulate their peoples on their t freedom from foreign rule. By economic aid, ap- propriate trade policies and increasingly closer relations within and without the United Nations, the New Democratic government will support their independence and growth. United Nations agencies should form the major!, channel for providing international economic aid. This is important both to strengthen the world organization and to avoid placing recipient nations under obligation to a single big power. Therefore ' most of the immensely increased aid program which the New Democratic party proposes will be channelled through the United Nations. Under the New Democratic government Can- j ada will base its votes in the United Nations on the merits of issues, rather than on bloc alignments as it has done too frequently in the past. It is obvious that the United Nations cannot be fully effective so long as a major world power is denied membership. The New Democratic government will therefore recognize the People's Republic of China and support its admission to the ' i s United Nations. Such recognition does not involve j approval of China's system of government. How- ever, a non-recognition which seeks to isolate China adds to world tensions, makes the settlement of major international issues such as disarmament difficult, if not impossible, and is totally lacking in reality. i  Commonwealth  1.  The stand condemning racism taken recently by , the Commonwealth increases opportunities for enlarging the role of this unique association of ' peoples. Its multi-racial and geographically dis- persed character fits it ideally for the role of in- creasing co-operation among divergent parts of the world, thus reducing the dangerous effects of. the , cold war. The New Democratic government will support and initiate increased consultation among the members of the Commonwealth, both inside and outside the United Nations. :, j Experience with the Colombo Plan has proved i the effectiveness of Commonwealth economic co- operation. The New Democratic government will institute: a) a greatly expanded program of assistance to the South-East Asian nations at present participating in the Colombo Plan;  b) the immediate creation of a similar program of Commonwealth economic aid to newly independent states in Africa and the West Indies.  There are available in Canada French-speaking as well as English-speaking technical and administrative experts, uniquely acceptable to the peoples of former French and British territories. This Canadian asset creates both an opportunity and an obligation for us to make our services available to these areas, as an integral part of a Commonwealth African aid scheme.  REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS  The UN Charter acknowledges the right of states to enter regional associations for the peaceful settlement of disputes and for the maintenance of peace and security. In the spirit of the Charter, Canada can play an important part in those regional associations which are genuinely and constructively working for peace, economic security, freedom and rule by international law.  The New Democratic party values the cultural and economic ties among the peoples of the North Atlantic community. It therefore welcomes the formation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), along with those institutions leading to greater European integration. It particularly welcomes both the creation of the Common Market and its prospective expansion. It would seek a basis on which Canada might most fully co-operate with this and any similar association.  NATO has played its part in the maintenance of west European security. However, it has concentrated on a military role and has failed to adapt its policies to the growing importance of the economic and social front in the present world struggle. The New Democratic party believes that we should seek a reappraisal and change of NATO's policies and objectives.  The New Democratic party believes that the extension of nuclear weapons to any further states and alliances threatens disaster to the world. It therefore opposes Canada's troops being supplied with such weapons at home or abroad. At present, except for those nations which have independently developed atomic capacity, neither NATO itself nor its members individually possess or control nuclear warheads. Should they do so, Canada must make it clear that it cannot remain in the alliance. To relieve tensions, Canada should press for a demilitarized zone in central Europe and for the simultaneous disbandment of the Warsaw and NATO pacts.  The rising importance of Latin America and the mutual economic and cultural benefits which would accrue to all from closer association require that Canada increase and broaden its relationships with the nations of Latin America.  DISARMAMENT AND DEFENCE  The revolution in weapons technology makes two facts obvious to reasonable men. Firstly, annihilation is now a physical possibility. Secondly, there is no known direct defence against nuclear missiles. Policy must be based on these realities.  The New Democratic government will make a general and searching reappraisal of Canada's defence role. Much of the money which Canada now allocates to defence could better be spent on providing such conventional troops and civilian personnel as the United Nations may require, and on aiding underdeveloped countries.  It is questionable whether NORAD ever made any significant contribution to the defence of Canada and in any case it has outlived its usefulness. Furthermore, there is every danger that the Bomarcs will be equipped with nuclear warheads. The NORAD agreements should therefore be terminated.  The New Democratic party demands an immediate ban on nuclear tests, both to avoid the dangerous effects of fall-out and as a first step toward nuclear disarmament. The New Democratic government will propose a treaty to establish a non-nuclear dub of nations pledged not to manufacture, store or permit nuclear weapons on their soil nor to use such weapons at any time.  In the nuclear age effective disarmament has become a condition of survival. Canada must play a much more dynamic role in the promotion of universal disarmament. Any agreement on disarmament will require adequate inspection and control. An independent peace research institute will be established by the New Democratic government and staffed by nuclear scientists and other experts to give continuous study to the problems in disarmament and the underlying tensions which threaten the peace of the world.  ECONOMIC AID  While Canada has been spending more than one and a half billion dollars a year on defence, it has spent less than 5% of that amount per year on economic aid to underdeveloped nations. A positive foreign policy would drastically alter this ratio of expenditures.  The New Democratic party believes it is morally necessary to use Canada's agricultural and industrial potential to capacity in order to relieve famine and aid economic development in other parts of the world. This belief will be reflected in a substantial economic aid program, channelled through the UN, government agencies, Colombo and similar plans. Creative new forms of aid, however, must supplement those already in exi9tence.  Canada's contribution to economic aid must be generous and it must be planned. The New Democratic government will institute a program of grants and long-term interest free loans, amounting to an annual expenditure of two percent of the national income.  The New Democratic government will foster Joint Development enterprises, established on a government-to-government basis, with capital subscribed on a basis ensuring control by the underdeveloped state. Canada's contribution will take the form of funds from both public and private sources as well as managerial, production and technical skills.  Believing that the expansion of international trade serves both political and economic goals, the New Democratic government will extend substantial credits to developing states and in appropriate cases will subsidize trading agreements for selected exports to them.  The New Democratic government will introduce a Joint Training and Technical Expert Program with underdeveloped states. These countries would be invited to send young men and women to Canada to train for special projects in such fields as agriculture, public health, administration, education, medical science and engineering. In the meantime, projects will be established in the countries concerned, and will be temporarily manned by Canadian experts until such time as local personnel return from their training to take over.  Canada must mobolize its resources in young, trained Canadians and establish a Voluntary Service Corps to staff co-operative aid schemes, such as those of the Joint Training and Technical Expert Program, throughout the world. Its members should be encouraged to regard their work as a career and should be given adequate salaries and full security. The Corps would collaborate with similar groups from other developed states, and would also provide on-the-spot training for local personnel in the techniques of community development.  The New Democratic government will review Canada's domestic policies, particularly with re- gard to immigration and racial discrimination to ensure that they conform to the spirit of equality f among peoples and nations set out in this program. POSITIVE CANADIANISM  The first aim of Liberal policies is to get things moving, to create and maintain vigorous economic growth. Economic growth is the foundation on which we can enjoy increasing incomes, expanding opportunities for a better life, social and national progress.  The second aim of Liberal policies is to make economic growth work for all Canadians, fully and fairly.  This means full employment. It means better health care, available to all when they need it. It means better opportunities for education and training, irrespective of ability to pay. It means adequate pensions for all. It means fair working conditions. It means security and better opportunities for farmers and fishermen. It means the removal of slums, better housing, cleaner cities, more parks, better recreational facilities, encouragement to Canadian arts and letters, improving democracy in our political institutions.  For all these lines of progress, the Liberal programme offers prompt, practical, far sighted policies.  It offers these policies for a Canada growing in more than material prosperity. The third aim that liberals seek for Canada is a national identity that creates unity without uniformity. Liberal policies will give a new orientation to Canadian confederation: to a co operative federalism that respects the rights of the provinces while developing equality of opportunities for Canadians in all parts of our country. The Liberal party of Canada stands for a positive Canadianism whose fundamental purpose is that all Canadians have the opportunity to achieve their full stature in their own way.  But security, happiness, achievement are not 26'1 CANADIAN PARTY PLATFORMS  possible for us alone. The fourth aim of Liberal policies is that a growing; progressing Canada will have a constructive influence for peace and progress throughout the world.  Growth, Reform, Purpose .this is the meaning of a positive Canadianism. These are the standards by which a new liberal government will seek to serve our country.  CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM  Work well with the provinces.  National unity and good government in Canada depend on co operation between Ottawa and the provinces. The essential foundation for effective co operation, in all matters of national concern, is full respect for the rights of the provinces in matters within their jurisdiction. All liberal policies will be carried out with this full respect.  Provide full equalization of provincial revenues from the tax fields that the provinces share with the federal government.  This is the only way the provinces can afford similar standards of services, and so provide equality of opportunities for all Canadians. A new Liberal government will make equalization payments which bring the other provinces up to the level of the richest, in revenue per head from shared taxes.  Assure flexibility in joint programmes, scholarships and university grants.  If some provinces wish, they should be able to withdraw, without financial loss, from joint programmes which involve regular expenditures by the federal government and which are well established. In such cases, Ottawa will compensate provinces for the federal share of the cost, by lowering its own direct taxes and increasing equalization payments. This will be done also if sole provinces do not want to take part in new joint programmes that it may be desirable for the federal government to initiate with the provinces. In the case of scholarships and university grants, provinces that so prefer will receive unconditional equal financing.  PROSPERITY FOR CANADIANS  Fundamentals for a Sound Economy  Cure unemployment.  All the time since July 1957, an average of 415,000 Canadians have been without jobs. A new Liberal government will make full employment the first objective of its policies.  Manage the nation's finances well.  It is essential to restore confidence in Canada's growth and in the ability of government to attend to its responsibilities; in particular, it is necessary to restore confidence in the value of the Canadian dollar. Confidence will creme the right atmosphere for the economy to expand and enterprise to flourish. A new Liberal government will do what is necessary to get things moving and keep them moving.  Expand Canada's foreign trade.  A new liberal government will act positively.  It will have a constructive plan for freer trade with Britain, the United States and the European  Common Market, ac a step towards the establishment of an Atlantic economic community. Commonwealth nations, Japan and other interested countries will be invited to join in progressively reducing the barriers to world trade. This is essential because one Canadian out of every five depends on exports for his job.  Getting and Keeping Industry Moving  Provide tax incentives to new companies and to companies that expand.  The incentives will include reduced rates of corporation tax and special depreciation allow ances on new equipment. Priority will be given: (a) to industry in areas of the country where new job opportunities are most needed: (b) to industries that increase their exports. ;:  Set up an industrial adjustment fund.  Some new ventures yield little or no profit at first and therefore do not pay taxes then. Ventures that would qualify for tax incentives, if they were profitable, will instead receive adjustment grants, for a limited period.  Provide adjustment grants in line with trade changes.  The industrial adjustment fund will give priority to: (a) helping companies to expand in order to take advantage of new trading opportunities; (.b) assisting the reconstruction of industries affected by increased competition.  Create a vigorous development bank to help in providing Canadian capital for expansion.  For this purpose, the Industrial Development Bank will be reconstructed. Its management will be separated from the Bank of Canada. Its capital will be increased. Its scope will be widened to include all kinds of resource and manufacturing industries and services. The reconstructed Bank will operate as a forward looking development ' corporation, co operating with private investors to provide more Canadian capital for Canadian enterprise. A new Liberal government will encourage measures to reverse the trend towards increasing foreign ownership of Canadian industry.  Ensure a square deal for small business.  Liberal policies for more plentiful credit, lower taxes on expanding businesses, and other economic measures, will be designed to broaden opportunities for the vigorous enterprise of our smaller manufacturers, retailers and service businesses.  Community Development and Housing  Set up a Municipal Loan Fund which, working with the provinces, will provide money for needed municipal services.  We need better streets and roads to reduce traffic congestion, less pollution, more parks. A great backlog of needed projects is held up for lack of municipal financing. The fund will make loans for sound municipal improvements which provincial governments approve but for which capital is unobtainable on reasonable terms from existing Canadian sources. The fund will play a big part in creating new jobs all across Canada and getting the economy moving.  Clear slums and renew blighted areas of our cities and towns.  Federal grants for urban renewal projects will ! be extended in scope and increased in amount. This is essential to civic progress in many areas.  Increase construction of low rental homes.  New homes for rent are the positive side of slum clearance. A new Liberal government will join with the provinces and municipalities in a major campaign. It will give special attention to he housing needs of old age pensioners.  Extend National Housing legislation to provide NHA insured mortgages for the purchase of existing homes as well as for building new homes.  This broadening, under proper safeguards, will enable more Canadians to become home owners.  Improve rural housing.  A new Liberal government will bring to national housing policy the flexibility in planning, standards and finance necessary to meet the varied I needs of different areas.  Development Areas  Set up a federal agency for area rehabilitation.  In the Atlantic provinces and in other parts of Canada, there are areas where a special thrust for development is needed, either because existing industries are declining or because the area's resources have never been developed. The agency will be responsible to a single federal cabinet minister and will co operate with provinces, municipalities and local representatives. It will draw up development plans and see that the development areas get special consideration in all federal action for economic expansion.  Encourage new industry.  Tax incentives, leading by the _Industrial Development Bank and vocational training programmes will all be geared to encourage industrial expansion in areas of chronic unemployment.  Provide capital grants for basic development projects.  These include, in co operation with the provinces concerned, trunk highways in, the Atlantic provinces, other roads, and the generation of power. Federal public works programmes will give particular consideration to distressed areas.  Put federal contributions to municipal winter works on a sliding scale, according to the extent  of unemployment in the municipality.  In the worst areas of unemployment, the federal contribution will rise to the whole labour cost of winter works. This is necessary to get the work done where it is needed most.  Make capital grants to municipalities in areas of 1~' chronic unemployment.  Municipalities in these areas may be unable to afford needed improvements even with the help of the municipal loan fund and of winter works programmes. In such cases a new Liberal government will join with provinces to assist, with outright grants, sound projects that will .help to create new economic opportunities.  Resources and Research  Give leadership in research.  A bigger research effort is necessary for continuing industrial efficiency and the exporting success of our resource industries. A new Liberal government will encourage and assist basic and applied research by the universities and industry, and will co ordinate with them the research work of government agencies. The government sponsored programme will include detailed studies, industry by industry, of economic ways to process primary materials in Canada and export finished products of higher value.  Map resources and build roads.  A new Liberal government will co operate with the provinces in exploring and mapping natural resources, and in building access roads to forest and mineral resources and to tourist areas.  Develop resource industries.  A new Liberal government will work for expanding markets and vigorous development of our great resource industries, based on Canada's extensive forests, minerals of so many kinds, water and energy resources. It will give practical, effective support to primary industries encountering problems such as those of the coal, gold and uranium mines.  Develop the Canadian North for Canadians.  Active northern development depends on the vigorous growth of the whole economy. On that foundation, a new Liberal government will undertake an extensive programme for improving air transport facilities, building roads, and developing northern communities.  Planning and Finance  Balance the budget.  Confidence in the fiscal and financial responsibility of the Canadian government must be restored. A new Liberal government will balance the budget in conditions of full employment. Liberal policies have been designed to meet this need. A liberal administration will vigorously prevent waste in government expenditures.  Reform taxation.  Taxes will be reviewed and reformed, in order to make them fairer and to encourage enterprise and lower the barriers to business expansion.  Make monetary policy an instrument for steady economic growth.  A new Liberal government will take clear responsibility for the money supply, credit policies, nd the exchange rate of the Canadian dollar. It will improve the country's financial machinery, to make more Canadian capital available for industry and to safeguard the consumer against credit abuses.  Set up an Economic Advisory Council.  The Council's members will have a wide variety of experience in business, in labour matters, in farming and in government. They will be assisted by an expert staff. The Council will be charged to analyze what is going on and what is planned in the Canadian economy. It will investigate trends and publish outlook reports. It will enable government and business, labour and farmers together to take a reasoned and co operative view of economic needs and objectives. The Council will then make recommendations to government about the planning of its own activities and the measures that will assist full economic efficiency and progress.  SECURITY FOR CANADIANS r  Caring for Health  Establish, in co operation with the provinces, a medical care plan for all Canadians.  The plan will enable everyone to get health care at the time it is needed, without fear of crippling medical bills. There will be no restrictive conditions. The patient will be free to choose his doctor. The doctor will remain free to practice as he chooses. There will be no interference with the doctor patient relationship or with the doctor's decision as to the treatments he recommends. The /1 doctor will continue to receive his income on a fee for service basis.  Through the medical care plan, cover costs of doctors' and diagnostic services, in the office, home or hospital, by general practitioners, surgeons and  specialists.,  All services will be provided without charge to children up to the age of 16, to most retired people, and to the unemployed. For all other  Canadians, the plan will cover doctors' bills above,  a low annual cost. The small payment required will be a safeguard against unreasonable demands for attention. All other costs of doctors' services will be met from the federal treasury.  Co operate with the provinces and the doctors.  The Liberal plan will be put to a federal provincial conference and thoroughly discussed with the medical profession and other interested organizations. It will be carried out in co operation with the provincial governments and the doctors' organizations in each province.  Attract more doctors and raise the quality of medical care.  The medical care plan will help to create a professional climate that attracts increasing numbers of able people to the study and practice of medicine. The Liberal plan for student scholarships and loans will enable more people to become a doctors.  Improve facilities for health care.  A new Liberal government will co operate with the provinces and the professions for such purposes as improving mental health treatment, encouraging dentistry, and aiding medical research.  Bring other health costs within the medical care plan.  As it becomes practicable a new Liberal government will broaden its health plan to cover other burdensome costs, with priority for prescribed drugs and children's dental services. Legislation about drugs will be strengthened to ensure the protection of the public.  Investment in Youth  Establish Canada Scholarships for university education.  There will be 10,000 scholarships a year, each valued at $1000 a year and available for four years to study. The awards will be open to all and will be made on merit. The administration of the plan will be independent of government.  Set up a student loan fund.  All qualified university students will be able to borrow if necessary for genuine educational needs.  The fund will be independently administered.  Loans will be interest free during the period of study and for the first year afterwards, and will then be repayable, plus interest, within a reasonable period.  Extend family allowances beyond the age of sixteen, for boys and girls who remain students.  This will help families to provide the best possible education for young Canadians and will reduce the number of teen agers seeking unskilled jobs.  Improve public financing for the universities.  This is a continuation of established Liberal policy. It is an increasingly important investment for the conditions of today and the progress of the country.  Ensure provincial choice.  Provinces that so preferred would receive unconditional equal financing instead of scholarships, and university grants.  Better Pensions  Establish a national contributory pension plan. The plan will provide pensions in addition to the existing $65 a month. The extra pensions will rise steadily until, within ten years, they equal a third of a man's earnings while working, up to a maximum additional pension of $165 a month. With the existing federal pension, this will make a total at age 70 of up to $230 a month for single or widowed people, $295 for couples. The plan will not be financed from taxes. It will be fully paid for by contributions, of a small percentage of earnings, from all employers and employees.  Pension benefits will be completely portable when people change their jobs. The transition period will enable existing pension schemes to be fitted smoothly with the new plan.  Help people to retire at 65.  Everyone will be able to choose between a pension at 65 or a larger pension if he prefers to go on working to age 70.  Provide pensions for the disabled and for widows and orphans.  The contributory plan will make provision for people who are disabled, and unable to work,  before reaching 65. In the event of death, the widow or orphans will receive the benefits. These provisions of the plan will be submitted to the provinces for constitutional agreement.  Encourage self employed people to contribute to the pension plan.  The self employed will not have to join the plan, but will be able to do so on terms which will be very worthwhile for people with small or moderate incomes.  Establish a new national minimum of $75 a month pension.  To help people already retired, who have not had the chance to contribute under the new Liberal plan, a minimum supplementary pension of $10 a month will be paid, from the start, out of the pension fund established by contributions. This will raise the total old age pension to $75 for a single or widowed person, $140 for a married couple.  Increase old age assistance to $75 a month.  Assistance is available, in cases of need, .for people aged 65 to 69. It will be increased in cooperation with the provinces.  Make the $75 old age assistance available to single women and widows at age 60.  Many companies retire men at 65 but women at 60. Earlier assistance will therefore be made available to women, in co operation with the provinces.  Increase allowances for the blind and disabled to $75 a month.  In co operation with the provinces, these allowances will be raised in line with pensions and oldage assistance. There will be an increase in the amount of other income permitted.  A SQUARE DEAL FOR LABOUR  Labour Management Relations  Institute a federal labour code.  This will apply to industries under federal jurisdiction and work done under federal contracts.. It . will establish a minimum wage, maximum working week, pay for vacations and statutory holidays, J and national standards for health and safety and other working conditions, with protection of the public interest.  Speed up conciliation procedures.  With the help of trade unions and industry, a new Liberal government will improve conciliation r' without lessening freedom of negotiation. Liberalism is opposed to compulsory arbitration, which limits the right to strike.  Improve consultation on long term problems.  In an atmosphere of economic and social progress, which Liberal policies will achieve, labour and management can work together to face basic problems, such as those of automation and the sharing of gains in productivity. This will be assisted by the Economic Advisory Council including members drawn from labour unions and management.  Investment in Skill  Set up CANDO the Canadian Development Organization for training for better jobs. This organization will be available, at the request of the provinces, to give expert and full scale assistance in operating wide ranging services for job training. Training courses will be open to all Canadians, men and women, who want to learn new skills.  Pay supplementary benefits for re training and to the long term unemployed.  Workers who train for new jobs, in order to broaden their opportunities of employment, will be paid additional benefits. These will come from general government revenues; they will not be an additional demand on the unemployment insurance fund. They will be continued after re training, if a man or woman who is the main support of a household remains unavoidably unemployed.  Assist re training courses within industry.  In co operation with the Economic Advisory Council, CANDO will look ahead to see which jobs will offer more opportunities in future and which because of automation of trade changes or for other reasons will offer fewer opportunities. CANDO will work with industry in setting up training courses, so that workers can obtain the necessary broadening of skills before, not after, unemployment strikes.  Unemployment Benefits  Pay unemployment benefits to people who are out S b of work because of illness.  This will be done on the same basis as unemployment benefits for people who lose their jobs for other reasons.  Maintain and extend the coverage of unemployment insurance to the widest practicable degree.  Those who need coverage include many farm workers and groups in the service trades. The coverage formerly given to casual workers will be restored.  Restore the unemployment insurance fund.  The fund was designed to deal with short team unemployment. It has been depleted, because long-term unemployment has become chronic. A new Liberal government will restore the fund and, with policies of economic expansion, return it to its proper function. In fairness to all workers, a new Liberal government will be firm in preventing abuses of the fund by people who are not genuinely seeking jobs.  A SQUARE DEAL FOR FARMERS  Supporting Farm Income  improve supports for farm prices.  Flexible price supports are essential to a prosperous agriculture: Where appropriate, they will be provided by making deficiency payments adequate to farmers' costs. A new Liberal government will ensure that the support prices are actually received by the farmers.  Increase consumption of dairy products.  The alarming decline in butter consumption must be arrested. A new Liberal government will see that butter is marketed at a price that will move the surplus, with a consumer subsidy or deficiency payment to prevent loss to the producer.  A new Liberal government will vigorously promote the sale of .all dairy products, based on a national programme for. better nutrition, including provision. of milk at school. There will also be aid to needy :countries and encouragement to commercial , exports.  Make wheat for bread more profitable.  The farmer should get a better return on wheat sold in Canada for human consumption. A new Liberal government will provide an increase related to costs of production. The increase will be treated as a consumer subsidy.  Provide deficiency payments on other grains.  Grain growers are at present assisted by the haphazard, inadequate expedient of acreage payments. A new Liberal government will provide the security of deficiency payments, related to costs on sound, permanent principles.  Give federal backing to crop insurance.  Present legislation hampers crop insurance by leaving too much financial risk to provincial governments. The federal government will' both help to meet insurance costs and provide adequate under writing of any well planned provincial measure of crop insurance.  Farm Marketing  Provide continuous, realistic guidance on the market outlook for different crops and livestock products.  Assessing market conditions and prices is as ~~ important for farmers as for industrial companies. But many small farmers cannot organize such market research for themselves. A new Liberal government will fill the gap.  Make national marketing possible.  In conjunction with the provinces, a new Liberal government will be ready to provide the framework for farmers to operate, if they wish, either co operatives or producer marketing boards on a national basis.  Improve long term financing for co operatives.  Co operatives can increase farmers' marketing strength and provide opportunities for buying equipment more economically. But the development of co operatives is sometimes held back by lack of long term financing. The expanded development bank will be able to meet this need.  Farm and Rural Development i Develop new sources of income for rural areas.  A new Liberal government will co operate with provinces, municipalities and local representatives in rural areas needing development. The development programmes will help small industries to establish themselves in rural towns and villages; develop suitable areas for recreation and the tourist trade; improve land use, including reforestation, the restoration of land to pasture and the recovery of farm lands subject to erosion.  Undertake a major programme of water conservation.  Without proper conservation, water shortage and pollution will become major problems as urban areas become bigger. The programme will q, include flood control and projects for making farmland more productive.  Improve farm credit.  More credit will be made available to farmers, on attractive terms, for such purposes. as the development of the livestock industry, drainage  and similar improvements.;  Establish an independent council for agricultural research.  The council will be staffed and equipped to help farmers to improve marketing efficiency, including food processing and merchandising, as well as production. It will develop industrial uses for farm products and improve quality. This research will expand both home and foreign markets for Canadian farmers.  The Fishery  Apply to fishing the same policy principles as to farming.  Fishermen face hazards and problems similar to those of farmers. Whenever possible, a new Liberal government will take parallel action to promote the welfare of fishermen and farmers. It will en  courage higher production, larger markets, better and more stable incomes for fishermen. For example a new Liberal government will make available, through a fishery credit agency, low cost loans for the construction and improvement of boats with modern equipment and gear. It will expand research into fishing methods and equipment and into the processing, preserving and marketing of fisheries products.  Establish a 12 mile limit for off shore fishing.  This is necessary for the adequate protection of our Canadian fishery.  CANADIANS TOGETHER  Unity without Uniformity  Ensure full equality of English and French language and culture.  Equality should be the rule in all activities of ' the federal government; for example, French speaking officials should be able to use their own a language in their work as readily as English speaking officials.  Make Canadian citizenship absolute.  The law will be amended so that: (a) no Canadian citizen can be deprived of his citizenship unless he voluntarily accepts the citizenship of another country; (b) no Canadian can be banished from the country by order in council.  Bring new Canadians of all origins fully into the national life.  This must be achieved not through assimilation r\ but through integration. Liberal policies seek to develop our homeland as the common heritage of all Canadians, new and old, and to achieve equality of opportunity for all Canadians regardless of their origin, their language or the region of Canada in which they live.  Through educational and economic opportunity, enable Indians and Eskimos to achieve genuine equality with other Canadians.  Voluntarily integration must be achieved with out infringement of the special rights guaranteed to Indians.  Make the formal procedures for citizenship uniform throughout Canada.  Employees will be entitled to be absent from work with pay to attend citizenship ceremonies.  Canadian Institutions  Adopt a distinctively Canadian flag and anthem.  Within two years of taking office, a new Liberal government will submit to Parliament a design for a flag which cannot be mistaken for the emblem of any other country. When adopted, this will be the flag of Canada. "O Canada" will be proclaimed our official anthem.  Maintain the honour given to traditional symbols. The Union Jack will be flown on appropriate occasions as a symbol of our membership in the Commonwealth. A new Liberal government will also maintain the honour given to the traditional anthem which expresses Canada's devotion to the Sovereign.  Develop broadcasting.  There will be scope for the parallel development of both public and private initiatives in broadcasting, with a more effective and impartial agency of control. A new Liberal government will restore the morale and integrity of the C.B.C. Radio networks will be extended, so that all Canadians can come into contact with both English and French culture.  Immigration  Encourage steady immigration related to national economic growth.  In accepting a~ts, there will be no discrimination of 1 , race, colour or religion Family unity will be encouraged regardless of age or ethnic origin.  Ensure fair treatment for all intending immigrants.  Decisions of immigration officials will be subject to review by appropriate and independent tribunals.  Help newcomers to settle.  A new Liberal government will co operate with the provinces to provide adequate facilities for assisting immigrants of all ages in their knowledge of English and French.  Provide social benefits without discrimination.  Old age pensions and other benefits will be made .available to all qualifying Canadian citizens without a waiting period.  Political Reforms  Set rigid, enforceable limits to expenditures in election campaigns.  With the increased use of television, election _ ,,il expenses are becoming too large for the sound operation of democracy.  Pay election expenses from the federal treasury.  The expenses have to come from the public in some way in any event It is fairer and better that the treasury, to which all citizens contribute, should bear the cost. It will pay the permitted expenditures of all candidates who receive a reasonable proportion of the total votes cast in their constituency.  Reduce the federal voting age to 18 years.  In many aspects of daily life, we treat people as adults at 18. This should apply to the citizen's basic right of voting.  Ensure prompt redistribution of House of Commons; membership by a non partisan commission.  Redistribution is required after each census.  Delay denies to some parts of the country the representation to which they are entitled under the constitution.  Reform the Senate.  A new Liberal government will discuss with the provinces a constitutional reform, and will propose, for example, that future Senators be appointed for 15 years or to the age of 75.  OUR PLACE IN THE WORLD  Position for Peace  Restore respect for Canada and build Canada's influence for world peace.  Canada's ability to influence world affairs depends on the respect in which we are held. This in turn depends on working steadily and co operatively with our allies and with the uncommitted nations. It requires diplomacy that is strong but quiet, that is concerned with results rather than with rhetoric. A new liberal government will conduct external affairs in this spirit. It will give the 9 fullest support to the United Nations. It will work  to strengthen the unique partnership of free nations in the Commonwealth. It will co operate ~ constructively in efforts for controlled disarmament and the relief of international tensions. If there is wisdom and skill in government, Canada can do much to further the aims shared by freedom loving men everywhere lasting peace, release from political tyrannies, the improvement of man's lot throughout the world.  As an offensive for peace, increase aid to developing countries.  The progress of the new nations is of supreme importance to us all. A new liberal government will help them by an imaginative programme of training technicians here in Canada; by assistance I through UN programmes, the Colombo Plan, etc.; and by direct gifts, on a regular basis, of foods of which we have plentiful supplies. In particular, a new Liberal government will initiate active help to the West Indies, to which Canada has special ties as a Commonwealth country in the western hemisphere.  Responsibility in Defence  Make sure that defence policy is realistic.  Defence policy cannot be fixed for all time. Decisions must be made in the light of changing circumstances as they become known. There must be decisiveness in doing what is necessary when it is necessary. A democratic government should be frank with the people. In this spirit, a new Liberal government will not hesitate to adapt its defence policy to changing conditions and, even more important, will not shirk the responsibility of making clear decisions on defence policy when they are required.  Do our part in the Western alliance.  One country can no longer defend itself. Our military defence effort means our contribution to the North Atlantic Alliance, which is indispensable. At present the only military safeguard against all out attack is the retaliatory power of nuclear weapons in the hands of the United States. A new Liberal government will co operate fully in the warning systems and other continental measures necessary to preserve this deterrent power. It will maintain continental squadrons for patrol and surveillance duties.  Strengthen our mobile defence forces.  The West is relatively weak in the conventional forces that may be needed to deal with local violence without precipitating nuclear war. A new Liberal government will do Canada's share in strengthening such forces on land, on sea and in the air. Canadian forces will be equipped with the most modern weapons and air transport. They  t~ will be available and trained for United Nations or other assignments to keep the peace. A new Liberal government will press for the formation of a permanent UN police force.  Prevent waste in our defence effort.  We cannot afford to be indecisive or unrealistic, in our defence methods. We should constantly reassess the changing facts of the military situation and do strictly what is necessary, on a clear view of our responsibilities, which include those in the United Nations and in NATO. For example, Bomarc missiles are useless without nuclear warheads and their usefulness in any event is so doubtful that the present government is refusing to install warheads. A new Liberal government will prevent such costly hesitation and waste. It will not take decisions which involve large expenditures the use of weapons whose acquisition ptis then rejected by the government.  Keep down the number of nations with nuclear weapons.  The threat to peace will be greatly multiplied if more and more nations have nuclear weapons under their control. The spread of such weapons, in Canada or elsewhere, would not in any way increase, in present circumstances, the ultimate power of retaliation which is the only real safeguard against aggression. On the basis of present '`0 information, therefore, the defence policy of a new Liberal government will not require Canada to become a nuclear power by the manufacture, acquisition or use of nuclear weapons under Canadian or American control. A new Liberal government will, however, reserve the right to examine each new development in the light of its overriding responsibility for the security of the Canadian people.  Examine closely proposals for nuclear deterrence.  If the members of NATO make an agreement for a NATO nuclear deterrent under NATO collective, rather than national, control, then Canadian forces in NATO should not be prevented from participating in this agreement by acquiring the necessary NATO tactical and defensive nuclear weapons.  Defend the peace.  Peace with freedom is our only sure protection in the nuclear age. Armed strength on the western side is, however, necessary as long as it exists on the other side, and until there can be general disarmament and a reduction of international tensions.