The Federal Program of the New Democratic Party, Adopted by its Founding Convention, Ottawa, July 31 August 4, 1961 (Ottawa: Mutual Press Ltd., 1961)  A NEW PARTY  Canada is a land of abundant resources moral, cultural and material. Yet unemployment, waste, political corruption and commercialization of taste and values continue and have even increased. The reason is not that Canadians do not want a better society, but because economic development is still unplanned, unstable and operated chiefly for the benefit of the few owners of great corporations.  Moreover, we face new challenges everywhere. Our relations with North and South America, with the Commonwealth and Europe, with new states in Asia and Africa, as well as our defence policies, have to be re assessed in the light of new factors. Our contribution to world peace must be more positive and more original. The partnership between English and French speaking Canadians must be made more meaningful and valuable to both, and the civil rights of all Canadians fully protected: To meet these challenges we must infuse a new spirit of social purpose and world responsibility into our national policies. New ways are needed.  For these great tasks this New Democratic party has been founded. It seeks to unite for democratic political action all Canadians who put human rights and human dignity above the mere pursuit of wealth, and public welfare before corporate power. Democratically organized and financed, prepared to apply new methods of social and economic planning, the New Democratic party will translate into practical federal and provincial  programs the idealism and democratic faith that are now so frustrated. It adopts and will carry forward to new levels of achievement the best objectives of the farmer and labour, cooperative and social democratic movements for which so many progressive Canadians have striven in the past.  This is why the New Democratic party has been founded and why it invites all Canadians to join its ranks. For these reasons it pledges itself to the carrying out of the following program.  I. PLANNING FOR ABUNDANCE  A JOB FOR EVERYONE  The New Democratic party is the party of full employment. Only a program of economic planning can ensure a general condition of full employment. A New Democratic government will develop such a program. It can, therefore, guarantee jobs for all members of the labour force willing and able to work.  Even under full employment there will, of course, be temporary dislocation and this will be dealt with by a Guaranteed Employment Act. This Act will enable jobless Canadians to claim a job as a social right by applying to the public local employment office. It will in effect replace the major purposes of the present inadequate unemployment insurance legislation. It will provide that where moving or retraining a worker is the best way to provide a job, the government will cover the full cost including payment of fair wages during the training or moving.  Both in overall planning and in the Guaranteed Employment Act, the New Democratic government will give priority to providing much needed social capitalhouses, schools, hospitals, roads, parks and other recreational facilities. Furthermore, it will undertake to create new means for the production of industrial power, to conserve our natural resources, to build an integrated transport system, to assist municipalities with their plans for development and to establish new industries. Some of these projects will be maintained in process at strategic points to be speeded up if the employment situation so requires.  A DYNAR'tIC FUTURE  A New Democratic government will accept the challenge of being the architect of Canada's economic future. It will plan for continuous growth, for a dynamic, expanding economy. Yet growth  CAMPAIGN OF 1962 271`  by itself is not enough; it must have a social purpose. The New Democratic government will harness this growth:  a) to achieve and maintain full employment of manpower and resources, natural and developed;  b) to allocate these resources in a just and rational manner among the various public and private uses to which they might be put;  c) to distribute the wealth produced by Canadians in such a way as will assure to all a decent standard of living, and allow every individual the opportunity to achieve his best.  It is here that the New Democratic party differs  fundamentally from the other parties. They have been forced by events into increasing intervention in the economy, but their tinkering has been reluctant. They still believe in the discredited 19th century superstition that a host of unrelated, unplaned private decisions will somehow "work out" in the public interest.  That this is not so is tragically clear. The Canadian people have paid dearly for lack of planning. Senseless waste, needless hardship, chronic unemployment have been its results. All this in the midst of glaring need for social projectsschools, hospitals, public works and decent housingto enrich the lives of a people willing and able to produce them.  Old party governments suffer from yet another superstition: they continue to speak piously of "free enterprise". In its name they have weakened the economic strength of Canada and her people. The truth is that the economy is effectively in the hands of corporate giants, and true freedom of enterprise has been stiffed. The New Democratic government will expand opportunities for genuine private initiative by providing stable economic growth and by curbing corporate control.  At the same time, New Democrats believe that direct public accountability and control in some areas of the economy are, by their nature, more suitable and desirable. The New Democratic government will expand public and cooperative ownership for such purposes as the operation of utilities, the development of resources, the elimination of monopoly concentrations of power, and the operation of major enterprises immediately and directly affecting the entire nation.  PLANNING  The New Democratic government will spell out its plans clearly; objectives at each stage and the proposed means of reaching them will be detailed and explicit. They will be responsive to changing needs and public wishes.  All major economic groups will be consulted in the planning process. Their participation will be enlisted through an Economic Advisory Council representing agriculture, other primary producers, commerce, industry, labour and consumers.  The plans will be laid before Parliament. Canadians will be able to evaluate, criticize, and add their voices. Private groups and individuals will be in a position to adapt their own plans to those of the government.  Planning will be democratic. The Cabinet, re  sponsible to the people through Parliament, will be the ultimate planning authority. A Committee of Ministers of the major economic departments will act for the Cabinet in developing the plans and coordinating the programs and policies of all departments and agencies. The plans will be put into effect through radically new uses of traditional instruments like the national budget and the Bank of Canada, and through new bodies such as an Investment Board.  Planning cannot be fully effective in Canada unless there is wide cooperation between the federal and provincial governments. Such cooperative planning is the best way to offset unbalanced centralization and to encourage provincial participation, and is the surest guarantee of provincial rights.  Therefore, the New Democratic government will establish a permanent FederalProvincial Planning and Development Council. Its purpose will be to make recommendations to governmental authorities which will assure the coordination and consistency of their economic plans and policies. t will be a link between the federal government and the provinces in economic matters. Cooperative planning which respects federal and provincial spheres of action must replace onesided decisions in such matters as the division of tax fields, the determination of equalization grants, and the establishment of joint programs.  INVESTMENT AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST  A rational and dynamic investment policy is central to New Democratic planning.  Under corporation control of investment, Canada has experienced overinvestment and inflation followed by underinvestment and unemployment in a succession of humps and hollows. All the while the allocation of investment funds has been unrelated to overall social needs.  The New Democratic party believes that the investment of capital must be directed to serve public need, such as the location of industry with  a recognition of social as well as economic considerations. To this end it will establish a federal Investment Board. By planning and regulating investment, including that derived from company reserves, the Investment Board will promote steady economic growth and full employment without inflation. It will also maintain a reasonable balance between public and private needs in the division of investment funds.  A Canadian Development Fund will be set up to give Canadians a greater opportunity to invest in the future of their own country. It,will mobilize and channel the funds of insurance, trust and similar companies, and will be available to individuals with small amounts to invest. It will have at its disposal some of the proceeds of the proposed new taxation measures.  Realistic monetary and credit policies are essential to economic growth, and must be adjusted to meet investment requirements. The Bank of Canada and other government agencies will be required to act in accordance with established government policy.  CONTROL BY CANADIANS  New Democratic investment policy seeks to break monopoly control over Canadian industry and resources.  Modern corporate expansion is financed mainly out of huge corporation reserves. As no one but the corporation has any control over these investment reserves and the uses to which they are put, the hold on the nation's economy by a few becomes greater each year.  If this private control over investment were confined entirely within our own borders, the situation would be alarming enough. But the truth is that most large corporations in Canada are themselves controlled from other countries, chiefly from the United States. Through their huge reserves, accumulated in Canada, these foreign corporations are able to extend their economic control by using our own money. This threatens the right of Canadians to direct their own economic activity; if permitted to go unchecked, it will endanger Canada's political independence.  The old parties have talked about this problem a great deal, but they have done nothing about it. The solutions they propose will solve nothing; control will still remain in foreign hands. The only adequate solution is that provided by the investment and taxation policies of the New Democratic party. These will enable the government to direct an increasing proportion of the investment reserves of corporations, both foreign and domestic, in accordance with Canadian economic objectives.  In addition legislation will be introduced to make all companies operating in Canada more effectively Canadian by insistence on a minimum percentage of their capital and membership of their boards of directors being held by Canadians resident in Canada. The federal New Democratic government, and where possible the provincial governments, will negotiate over a period of years the selective repatriation of Canada's resources and industries. The processing of Canathan natural resources on Canadian territory will be encouraged. Foreign owned or controlled companies will be compelled to conform to the laws affecting Canadian companies and be subject Jo the policies of the Canadian government and not to the policies of their foreign counterparts.  PROGRESSIVE TAXES  The New Democratic government's taxation policy will be a basic part of its planning. It will divert funds from private to public investment, redistribute the national income on a fairer basis and help to regulate the pace of economic activity.  A large part of the accumulated investment funds of private companies must flow into the public treasury, there to be used to realize public economic objectives. This will be accomplished through:  a) an increase in the corporation tax rate, especially on undistributed profits;  b) reduction in excessive depreciation and depletion allowances;  c) limitations on the deductions now allowed for advertising and sales promotion;  d) a tax on capital gains;  e) increased succession duties.  The present tax structure will be reformed by such steps as:  a) reduction in the tax burden on lower income groups;  b) abolition of the special privileges which now go to the recipients of corporation dividends;  c) stricter control of expense accounts and similar allowances, to eliminate taxdodging;  d) removal of the federal sales tax and special excise tax from the necessities of life.  THE CONSUMER  Everyone in Canada is a consumer. The New Democratic party truly represents the consumers and will see to it that their ideas are incorporated in its economic and social programs. The price of what we eat, or wear, the rent we pay, the quality of the goods we buy are all vital elements in our welfare. We work to live and what we are able to consume is the measure of our ability as producers and is the final economic test of our policies.  The New Democratic government will protect the Canadian consumer against unscrupulous promotion techniques, misleading advertising, poor quality and overpriced goods, and will also protect the consumer by regulating the level of prices throughout the economy. Regulations governing quality, content description, packaging, advertising and sales promotion will be strengthened and fully enforced.  Where food and drugs are concerned, safeguarding the public interest is particularly important. The New Democratic government will take energetic measures to prevent the drug industry from exploiting the public and will revise patent laws wherever necessary. These measures will include licensing manufacturers and, where necessary, producing essential drugs under public auspices. The sale of drugs under their generic or chemical names will be encouraged, since they cost the consumer much less than the same drugs under their brand names. Along with provinces and consumer organizations, the New Democratic government will en courage consumer research and education. A member of the Cabinet, assisted by a research organization, will be charged with the responsibility of representing this consumer point of' view on all issues.  The New Democratic government will fix limits on interest rates charged on consumer credit.  Credit unions and cooperative organizations will be fostered, as a bulwark of consumer selfhelp.  KEEPING THE WHEELS TURNING  Since economic progress rests ultimately on Y j power and transportation the New Democratic government will plan and develop rational and balanced energy and transportation systems.  A federal Energy Commission will be established. It will enlist the cooperation of the provinces in building a coordinated program for; dveloping and distributing all forms of energy resourcesgoal, oil, natural gas, electricity and; nuclear power. Present programs to harness the atom for additional power will be stepped up.  To achieve the most efficient use of each type of transportation, the New Democratic government will develop a federal transportation policy, again working in concert with the provinces.  A federal Transportation Authority will seek to establish a planned transportation system in which each type of service will be used for the purpose for which it is best suited. The various transportation facilitiesrail, air, water, road and pipelinewill be coordinated on the basis of the allocation of costs, revenues and services according to regions and types of carrier. Destructive and wasteful duplication will give way to coordination.  The resulting economies will help to keep rates down, and to provide security of employment at fair wages. In any reorganization of the industry, the rights of workers to employment and the welfare of their communities will be prime considerations. There will be no elimination of work until suitable new jobs with equal standards of living are available elsewhere.  EXPANDED TRADE  Expansion of our trade with any and all countries willing to trade on a fair and equitable basis will benefit both ourselves and them. Careful planning is needed to adjust our production to the trade requirements of a fully employed economy. Tariffs are outmoded, patchwork attempts to protect domestic industry; they restrict trade while giving less and less protection to the home industry. Their growth is an inevitable result of an economy that tolerates unemployment. Only through a positive approach can Canada enjoy the benefits of expanded trade without hardship to specific groups and communities.  New Democratic planning for full employment will give Canada that new approach. In the planned, orderly growth and strengthening of the economy, adjustments to meet trade needs will be made more easily. The New Democratic government will make such adjustments in ways which will see workers absorbed into new jobs, and industrial production diverted to communities affected. For suitable commodities federal marketing or purchasing boards will be established.  Active association will be sought with the European common market and free trade areas. At the same time. a concerted program to foster trade with the Caribhean and Latin America will be pushed, and the possibility of hemisphere trading arrangements will be explored. Low interest rates and longterm credits to the Americas and  the new nations of Africa and Asia will be used to promote Canada's trade.  Many of our industries must specialize their production in terms of world markets if they are to flourish. The New Democratic government will seek means to assist them achieve a stable flow of trade at fair prices. 1t will negotiate with other trading nations to develop common programs of production and marketing in specific industries.  In planning Canada's trade, the New Democratic government will work with international economic agencies to promote higher living standards everywhere and to expand world trade and balanced economic development. It will press for the establishment of an International Trade Organization.  AREA REDEVELOPMENT  The New Democratic government will plan the development of renewed economic strength in those areas of our country which have not shared in Canada's growth. New Democratic transportation policy will take into account the special circumstances of those areas, and wherever possible, government purchases will be channelled to them.  Special attention will be given to a locationofindustry policy, similar to successful programs in Britain, Sweden and other countries. This policy will include tax concessions and other assistance to private industry, as well as public investment.  A program of longrange, basic public works, supported by federal grants, will be undertaken in the Atlantic region. The harnessing of tidal power in the Bay of Fundy, in concert with planned economic development in the area, is an example of the regional development programs that will be undertaken. A Capital Projects Commission will be established to coordinate this program.  SHARING THE BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION  Nothing demonstrates the need for planning more than automation and other technological advances. Without planning, the new technology will result in human misery and waste of resources on a stupendous scale; wisely planned, it will make possible an unprecedented increase in standards of living.  The New Democratic government will assure the Canadian people that the benefits of the age of automation will be shared by all, through higher incomes and growing opportunities for constructive use of leisure time. Vigorous measures will be taken to protect the public against monopoly control of automated industries. In addition, Canada will be able to take a larger share of responsibility for world development, to help all mankind share in the new abundance.  The New Democratic government will initiate research into the impact and application of automation. When automation is introduced in an industry, the interests of the workers and their communities will be safeguarded. Special programs will be undertaken to retrain and relocate displaced workers and to establish new industry in communities where obsolete plants must be closed.  PLANNED IMMIGRATION  The New Democratic government, with its program to build a strong economy, will encourage immigration to Canada. More people are needed to help this country realize its full potential. Their arrival will be related realistically to the expanding opportunities, training, and housing which New Democratic planning will provide. They will be protected against unscrupulous exploitation by employers and others.  Racial discrimination will be eliminated from the Immigration Act, regulations and practices, and fair consideration of all applications for admission will be ensured.  Proper services will be set up to assist new Canadians in establishing themselves in the community, and provision will be made for the teaching of our two official languages.  NEw HOPE FOR THE FARMER  The family farm is the basic unit of agricultural production and a desirable institution of our society. New Democratic objectives for agriculture are maximum food production for Canada and a hungry world, and effective marketing machinery to ensure fair and reasonable farm income.  The New Democratic government will free the farmer from the effects of the costprice squeeze. It will lower farm production costs by ending monopoly control over farm machinery, fertilizers, chemicals and other supplies. Cooperatives will be encouraged and assisted to meet needs in these fields and, where necessary, public ownership will be developed.  Longterm loans at low interest will be available for farm improvement and to help young farmers to acquire the land and modern machinery necessary for a successful farm career.  To offset the adverse effects of vertical integration of farm processes by private companies, assistance will be given to farmers to build cooperatives for processing and marketing their own farm produce. This assistance will include provision of credit on favourable terms.  The New Democratic government will assure producers of sufficient marketing power by:  a) development of federal producer marketing boards to coordinate the work of provincial  marketing boards;  b) encouragement of cooperative and publicly sponsored facilities for storing, processing and distributing farm products;  c) development of programs to increase domestic levels of consumption;  d) distribution of surplus food to the needy of other lands in such a way as to avoid economic dislocation, and support for the establishment of a World Food Bank;  e) vigorous and imaginative efforts to sell surplus products such as wheat, including the acceptance of part payment in sterling or currencies of other countries, longterm commodity agreements, credit arrangements, barter and other bilateral trade agreements;  f) giving the Wheat Board permanent status. The New Democratic government will institute  a parity price policy to provide levels of farm income consistent with the rest of the economy.  It will do this through a system of guaranteed prices based on total farm costs supplement by deficiency and other compensatory payments where necessary.  New Democratic policy will include a comprehensive system of crop insurance and a program of resource conservation and development. This will encompass more effective use of land and shifts in production to meet changing market demands.  Adequate social and community services are a vitally important to rural living. The cooperation of provincial and municipal governments will be sought to extend and improve health services, transportation, electric power and communications in rural areas. Particular attention will be given, in cooperation with the provinces, to extending vocational training for rural youth, including education in modern farming methods.  COOPERATIVES AND CREDIT UNIONS  Cooperative societies and credit unions, democratically controlled and supported by millions of Canadians, are important forms of social ownership. They have demonstrated in convincing fashion that they can perform an essential and useful function in the economic life of our country. They benefit both producers and consumers.  Cooperative organizations of farmers and fishermen have helped provide income security for these major producer groups. They have contributed substantially to the social advance of those areas where they are strong.  Consumer cooperatives have combined efficient service and competitive prices with leverage against exploitation by privatelyowned monopolies and chain organizations.  Credit unions meet the very real financial needs of both rural and urban Canadians. For these reasons the extension of cooperatives and credit union organizations must be a major objective of the New Democratic party. To achieve this a, federal Department of Cooperatives will be established; a federal Cooperative Associations Act and a federal Cooperative Credit Act will be passed. The department will work in closest liaison with the cooperative movement and provincial departments of cooperatives wherever they exist.  SMALL BUSINESS  Operating on limited capital resources, small business enterprises are increasingly vulnerable to economic downturns and depressions. Therefore, the continuous economic growth which will result from New Democratic economic planning will be of particular benefit to them, enabling them to enjoy real economic security. In addition, the New Democratic policy of curbing excessive promotion and misleading advertising will help to protect them against unfair competition.  A new division of the Department of Trade and Commerce will be established, with field offices to serve small business. It will keep businessmen informed of economic trends and new developments in technology, provide technical assistance and advice and simplify government forms required from small businesses.  The activities of the Industrial Development Bank will be expanded to help small businesses in merchandising and service fields, as well as in manufacturing, to secure capital for sound expansion, renovation and new equipment at low interest rates and on long repayment terms. Particular attention will be given to ways and means of assisting small business in getting adequate working capital.  A SOUND FISHING INDUSTRY  The New Democratic government will seek the enlargement of domestic and foreign markets for useful function in the economic life of our country. They benefit both producers and consumers.  Cooperative organizations of farmers and fishermen have helped provide income security for these major producer groups. They have contributed substantially to the social advance of those areas where they are strong.  Consumer cooperatives have combined efficient service and competitive prices with leverage against exploitation by privatelyowned monopolies and chain organizations.  Credit unions meet the very real financial needs of both rural and urban Canadians. For these reasons the extension of cooperatives and credit union organizations must be a major objective of the New Democratic party. To achieve this a, federal Department of Cooperatives will be established; a federal Cooperative Associations Act and a federal Cooperative Credit Act will be passed. The department will work in closest liaison with the cooperative movement and provincial departments of cooperatives wherever they exist.  SMALL BUSINESS  Operating on limited capital resources, small business enterprises are increasingly vulnerable to economic downturns and depressions. Therefore, the continuous economic growth which will result from New Democratic economic planning will be of particular benefit to them, enabling them to enjoy real economic security. In addition, the New Democratic policy of curbing excessive promotion and misleading advertising will help to protect them against unfair competition.  A new division of the Department of Trade and Commerce will be established, with field offices to serve small business. It will keep businessmen informed of economic trends and new developments in technology, provide technical assistance and advice and simplify government forms required from small businesses.  The activities of the Industrial Development Bank will be expanded to help small businesses in merchandising and service fields, as well as in manufacturing, to secure capital for sound expansion, renovation and new equipment at low interest rates and on long repayment terms. Particular attention will be given to ways and means of assisting small business in getting adequate working capital.  A SOUND FISHING INDUSTRY  The New Democratic government will seek the enlargement of domestic and foreign markets for  Canadian fish products, through promotion of consumption and negotiating abroad. An expanding research program will be undertaken to conserve and increase the fisherman's harvest, improve its marketability, and diversify the use of fisheries byproducts.  Marketing through cooperatives will be encouraged and, where necessary, government marketing boards established. The means will be provided for a system of guaranteed forward prices to assure income security to the fisherman.  A fisheries marketing board will be created to secure the most favourable terms for Canadian fish products in world markets. Regional boards will be set up to examine all aspects of the industry and make appropriate recommendations.  Substantial government assistance will be made available in the form of working capital and loans for capital expenditures to expand cooperative plants and modernize processing methods. This assistance will, in part, be directed towards providing offshore fleets with large trawlers and other necessary equipment to permit a better competitive status with foreign fishing industries making use of Canadian offshore waters.  In cooperation with the provinces, a program of technical training will be carried out, to ensure a higher degree of efficiency in the industry and better opportunity for small fishing concerns.  A Canadian Coast Guard system will be established in all maritime regions.  II. SECURITY AND FREEDOM  The New Democratic government will establish a comprehensive, farreaching and systematic program of social securitya program to ensure a standard of living which will enable every Canadian to live in health and selfrespect.  Canada's present approach to social security is inadequate and unrealistic: a patchwork of legislation which provides neither proper minimum standards nor adequate coverage for all those who need it. Entire groups of needy peoplethe sick, the blind, the agedhave little or no security. These people need protection, and the New Democratic party is determined to provide it. In doing so it will act in accordance with the principles set forth in the section in this program entitled Cooperative Federalism.  A HEALTH PLAN FOR CANADA  Believing that a country's most precious possession is the health of its citizens, the New Demo  cratic government will introduce a National Health Plan, providing benefits to those who need them without regard to their ability to pay.  The plan will cover a full range of services: medical, surgical, dental and optical treatment, as well as prescribed drugs and appliances. It will be built on the present hospital insurance program and, like it, will be evolved and administered in cooperation with provincial governments. The medical, dental, nursing and other professions concerned will be consulted at all stages, and their cooperation will be sought.  The New Democratic government will immediately plan to meet the serious shortage of health personnel who are essential to the success of a National Health Plan. It will cooperate with the provinces to overcome this shortage by providing financial assistance for scholarships, new and expanded teaching centres, and postgraduate and research facilities.  FEDERAL RETIREMENT PLAN  The New Democratic government will introduce a new and realistic Retirement Plan to provide for Canada's older citizens. It will be a twostage plan, consisting of contributory and noncontributory features:  a) the present Old Age pension will be increased to $75 per month as the basic pension, available to everyone at the age of 65, with no means test;  b) a contributory plan will be set up to provide retirement benefits above this minimum.  The objective will be to provide all elderly people with an income amounting to at least half the income they averaged during their best earning years. A reasonable maximum will be set on the amount of pension. The Retirement Plan will provide for adjustments to take into account increased productivity and rising costs.  The Retirement Plan will be completely portableit will belong to the individual no matter where he works or how often he changes jobs.  Private plans will provide supplementary retirement benefits for those who wish them. They will, of course, have certain standards to meet, including that of portability.  SICKNESS, SURVIVOR AND OTHER BENEFITS  When the breadwinner of a family dies or is not working because of sickness, the needs of the family for which he provided must still be met.  The New Democratic government will introduce a program available both to employees and the selfemployed, providing income during illness or accident which is not covered by Workmen's Compensation. The program will include maternity benefits.  Benefits will be paid to dependent survivors on the death of the breadwinner, and the government will sponsor a term life insurance plan through the Annuities Branch, on a voluntary basis, for supplementary coverage.  The Unemployment Insurance Act will be overhauled to provide increased benefits and coverage.  The New Democratic government will review veterans' benefits, and make improvements taking into account changing costs and needs.  It will increase family allowance payments to restore the buying power th,y carried when first introduced, and it will extend them to cover children beyond the age of 16 who remain in school.  It will increase pensions to blind people to $75 a month, and make adjustments to disability pensions.  All these plans will provide for automatic ad justments in payments ac productivity or living ! costs rise.  MAN AGAINST DISEASE  Man's imagination has been stirred by the first steps in the conquest of space. Surely at least as worthy a challenge to our ingenuity is the conquest of disease. The prevention and cure of cancer, heart ailments, arthritis, mental illness and other crippling or killing diseases together with the provision of adequate rehabilitation facilities are rewarding goals for Canada.  Under the New Democratic government, Canada will be in the vanguard of the worldwide; offensive against disease. The New Democratic government will establish a Canadian Medical .Research Centre for a wide range of medical research and will staff it with the most able people available.  Money will be provided to undertake longrange laboratory and field projects, to stimulate medical research across the country, and coordinate the work now being done by voluntary  as well as university and state organizations. The'Centre will exchange staff, technical data and research findings with other countries through the World Health Organization, UNESCO and national medical research organizations.  The Centre will also provide inservice training for promising graduates, in order to ensure the; continued availability of competent research personnel. This training program will be financed from a Federal Fellowship Fund, and will be carried out in consultation with the provinces.  CANADIAN LABOUR STANDARDS  The New Democratic government will seek the cooperation of the provinces in achieving couptrywide minimum labour standards. The New Democratic objective is a National Labour Code covering all categories of workers, enacted jointly by the federal parliament and provincial legislatures, to establish:  a) an adequate minimum wage;  b) a fiveday, 40hour work week;  c) at least two weeks of vacation with pay each year;  d) eight statutory holidays with pay each year;  e) occupational, health and safety codes;  f) improved and strengthened collective bargaining laws designed to guarantee all basic democratic rights to the working people of Canada, and to encourage interprovincial or countrywide bargaining where appropriate;  g) full protection of the right of association and union security;  h) a fair remuneration code to provide for equal pay for comparable work performed by either sex.  The New Democratic government will amend the Criminal Code to establish the right to picket.  The freedom of all public servants to choose their own associations will be recognized, and they will be given the right to bargain collectively.  The New Democratic government will ratify all conventions adopted by the International Labour Organization of the United Nations. It will put into effect immediately those within the jurisdic tion of the federal government, and will urge provincial legislatures to follow suit within their jurisdictions. Furthermore, it will seek the agreement of the provinces in bringing under federal jurisdiction the power to ratify and put into effect all internationallyset labour standards.  HOMES FOR OUR FAMILIES  Many thousands of Canadian families are with out proper housing, and still more thousands pay more than they can afford to house themselves.  Particularly hard hit are pensioners and low in come families whose other needs are neglected because of the high cost of shelter.  The New Democratic government will establish a federal Housing Authority to deal with this problem. In close cooperation and consultation with provincial and municipal governments, it will undertake the planning and construction of a wide range of rural and urban housing accommodation, town and community planning, urban redevelopment, the eradication of slum areas, and .he preservation and extension of green belts, parks and recreation centres.  The concern of the New Democratic government will extend beyond the mere provision of shelter, though that will have a high priority. Its objectives will be to help create an attractive neighbourhood and community into which the individual home may fit, and to impart variety and adaptability to modern population centres.  The Housing Authority, including the existing Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, will administer and greatly extend the services provided under the existing National Housing Act. Increased financial assistance will be made available to provinces and municipalities for the largescale construction of low rental accommodation, subsidized where necessary. In addition, the range of dwellings available for low down payments will be increased. Mortgage money will be provided at not more than three percent.  The Housing Authority will promote the establishment of regional planning departments, to ensure the best possible use of land for all kinds of development. It will maintain high quality construction standards in public housing, and will eliminate land speculation and profiteering.  EDUCATION AND THE ARTS  The New Democratic party believes that education is a matter of basic human rights; every young person is entitled to an opportunity to develop his talents to the full.  Education is also a matter of sound economics. The best investment we can make is investment in our people. The greatest single factor making for increasing economic productivity and strength is human knowledge and skill. We need these not only to build the good society at home, but to carry out our international obligations abroad.  New Democrats recognize that the provinces have an inalienable constitutional right to control all phases of educational policy within their respective boundaries. At the same time, the provinces cannot carry out their responsibilities in this field without adequate means.  In order to ensure that provinces and municipalities are able to fulfil their obligations in the field of education, the New Democratic government will make necessary financial arrangements problem. In close co-operation and consultation with provincial and municipal governments, it will undertake the planning and construction of a wide range of rural and urban housing accommodation, town and community planning, urban redevelopment, the eradication of slum areas, and .he preservation and extension of green belts, parks and recreation centres.  The concern of the New Democratic government will extend beyond the mere provision of shelter, though that will have a high priority. Its objectives will be to help create an attractive neighbourhood and community into which the individual home may fit, and to impart variety and adaptability to modern population centres.  The Housing Authority, including the existing Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, will administer and greatly extend the services provided under the existing National Housing Act. Increased financial assistance will be made available to provinces and municipalities for the large scale construction of low rental accommodation, subsidized where necessary. In addition, the range of dwellings available for low down payments will be increased. Mortgage money will be provided at not more than three percent.  The Housing Authority will promote the establishment of regional planning departments, to ensure the best possible use of land for all kinds of development. It will maintain high quality construction standards in public housing, and will eliminate land speculation and profiteering.  EDUCATION AND THE ARTS  The New Democratic party believes that education is a matter of basic human rights; every young person is entitled to an opportunity to develop his talents to the full.  Education is also a matter of sound economics. The best investment we can make is investment in our people. The greatest single factor making for increasing economic productivity and strength is human knowledge and skill. We need these not only to build the good society at home, but to carry out our international obligations abroad.  New Democrats recognize that the provinces have an inalienable constitutional right to control all phases of educational policy within their respective boundaries. At the same time, the provinces cannot carry out their responsibilities in this field without adequate means.  In order to ensure that provinces and municipalities are able to fulfil their obligations in the field of education, the New Democratic government will make necessary financial arrangements with the provinces to permit tae provide:  a) free education at ail kw~ b al those who can benefit from it;  b) scholarships and bursaries and living allowances to assist students;  c) capital for school and university expansion;  d) adequate training facilities and salaries for teachers.  Full development of the human potential requires education beyond the school-leaving age. The New Democratic government will therefore encourage, assist and establish adult education agencies and programs.  The New Democratic government will defend the integrity and independence of the .Canadian Broadcasting Corporation against subversion either by governments or by private interests.  The New Democratic government will make funds available to enable the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to expand greatly the work it is already doing in developing Canadian talent and producing Canadian programs. It will also see to it that private stations contribute their fair share to this important effort.  The New Democratic government will strengthen the National Film Board and enable it to expand its activities. Special consideration will be given to the development of a film industry under both public and private auspices.  The scope and funds of the Canada Council and other agencies set up to foster Canadian culture and encourage artistic ability will be greatly expanded. Centres for the encouragement and promotion of drama and the arts will be set up across the country so that opportunity will be provided for worthwhile use of people's increasing leisure time.  III. A MORE COMPLETE DEMOCRACY  CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM  This program is a statement of the federal aims of the New Democratic party and is therefore concerned with the exercise of federal powers. In each province, a program fitted to their particular needs and aspirations will be democratically prepared and presented to provincial electors by a provincial New Democratic party. However, the federal party is vitally concerned with relations between the federal and provincial governments.  The New Democratic party strongly affirms its belief in a federal system which alone insures the united development of the two nations which originally associated to form the Canadian part nership, as well as that of other ethnic groups which later made Canada their home. Canada's constitution particularly guarantees the national identity of French Canadians and the development of their culture. The New Democratic party will fully maintain and respect these guarantees. Canadian federalism must provide for the protection of cultural, religious and other democratic rights, permit the vigorous and balanced growth of the country as a whole, and assure provincial autonomy.  The New Democratic party believes that social  and economic planning must take place at all levels of government. It therefore looks to close collaboration amongst responsible governments to coordinate plans and administration and to set Canadian minimum standards.  Immediately following Confederation, a federal minister was given special responsibility for relations with the provinces. It is time to revive this  post. The New Democratic government will create ;  a department of Federal-Provincial Relations to i  maintain and extend co-operation with the provinces, to co-ordinate and act as a special secretariat for joint committees and councils.  The New Democratic party believes that consultation at the highest level is necessary for the smooth working of our federal institutions. The New Democratic government will therefore establish a regular Prime Ministers' Conference, to be attended by the prime minister of Canada and the premiers of the provinces.  If federalism is to be a reality as well as a legal principle, each government must control sufficient funds to carry out its constitutional responsibilities. 1  It is, indeed, one of the federal government's basic functions to redistribute wealth and income, in collaboration with the provinces, so that the provinces will have at their disposal comparable means for fulfilling their constitutional obligations. The New Democratic party believes that in a federal system equalization grants are the best method of achieving this objective. Unconditional grants of this sort must therefore be used more frequently and should eventually replace conditional grants.  The New Democratic government will constantly seek the joint participation of the federal government and the provinces in financing programs for the general welfare of Canadians, but it will ensure that this participation is the result of free negotiation and consultation between governments and not the product of unilateral federal decision. It believes, furthermore, that a province should be free to remain outside such programmes, but in doing so it would not delay other provinces and the federal government in proceeding with their plans. However, in areas affecting education, language and similar rights now in the British North America Act, where a province does not participate in a joint program it wilt not forego its right to equivalent funds.  Canadians still do not have complete control of their constitution. The British Parliament reluctantly retains an amending power because we have not been able to agree on purely domestic procedures for changing the terms of the BNA Act. The federal New Democratic government will pledge itself to work out a reasonable method of amendment with the provinces. This method must be flexible enough to meet modern needs but must also entrench basic education, language and similar rights now in the BNA Act, as well as the political rights essential to a parliamentary democracy.  Since the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London, the Supreme Court of Canada has become the final court of appeal in constitutional cases. It acts as an arbiter in conflicts of jurisdiction between governments. At present this constitutional court suffers the disability of being based only on a federal statute. The New Democratic patty believes that the organization and jurisdiction of our Supreme Court should be defined in the constitution itself.  CANADA AS A NATION  Since 1867, Canada has gradually built an enviable reputation in the world of nations. Our pride in Canada as a nation is enhanced by our consciousness of the two national aehures which form the basis of Canadian life. We are indeed aware that those who have their roots in the French-speaking community frequentiv and legitimately use the word "nation" to describe French Canada itself. The New Democratic party believes that true Canadian unity depends upon equal recognition and respect for both the nsain cultures of our country.  Canada has been further enriched by the infusion of many other national, cultural and linguistic strains. True Canadian identity lies in honouring these traditions and weaving them into the texture of Canada. The New Democratic party fully respects and will protect the traditions and cultures of Canadians of all ethnic backgrounds.  It recognizes the special economic needs and problems of the original inhabitants of Canada, the Indians and Eskimos, whose traditional modes of living have been disrupted by modern civilization. The New Democratic government will accord them full political and social rights as Canadian citizens.  The New Democratic party believes that the full expression of Canadian nationhood requires a distinctive Canadian flag and anthem.  BILL of RiGHTs  The New Democratic government will maintain and protect the parliamentary and political freedoms which are our inheritance.  From time to time these freedoms have been threatened and tuldamined by the action of governments. The peat Canadian Bill of Rights is entirely inadequate to assure them. It is subject to repeal or amendment, and may be overruled by any subsequent Act of Parliament. It does not apply to provincial and municipal legislation, and its general terms are of no effect against specific provisions in legislation now in force.  The New Democratic government will safeguard our fundamental freedoms by seeking the collaboration of the provinces to incorporate them in the Canadian constitution, where they will be free from legislative infringement. Among the basic political rights to be thus entrenched are:  a) freedom of religion;  b) freedom of speech;  c) freedom of association;  d) freedom of assembly;  e) freedom from discrimination in employment, housing and services.  A STRENGTHENED PARLIAMENT  The New Democratic government will seek to improve the democratic machinery of Parliament.  It will provide greatly extended research facilities for the members of opposition parties, to enable them to become acquainted with and make use of information now at the disposal of the government alone.  It will undertake studies with a view to setting up a more functional and more smoothly operating Parliamentary committee system. This will allow private members of all parties to contribute effectively to the analysis of government legislation and the operation of agencies and Crown corporations.  It will seek the abolition of the Senate.  The integrity of Parliament depends ultimately upon the integrity of the political parties represented in it. To safeguard Parliament against the control of parties by hidden, wealthy contributors, the New Democratic government will introduce legislation requiring full publicity for political contributions, and a reasonable and effective limitation on campaign expenditures.  with the provinces to permit them to provide:  a) free education at all levels to all those who can benefit from it;  b) scholarships and bursaries and living allowances to assist students;  c) capital for school and university expansion;  d) adequate training facilities and salaries for teachers.  Full deve!opment of the human potential requires education beyond the school-leaving age. The New Democratic government will therefore encourage, assist and establish adult education agencies and programs.  The New Democratic government will defend the integrity and independence of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation against subversion either by governments or by private interests.  The New Democratic government will make funds available to enable the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to expand greatly the work it is already doing in developing Canadian talent and producing Canadian programs. It will also see to it that private stations contribute their fair share to this important effort.  The New Democratic government will strengthen the National Film Board and enable it to expand its activities. Special consideration will be given to the development of a film industry under both public and private auspices.  The scope and funds of the Canada Council and other agencies set up to foster Canadian culture and encourage artistic ability will be greatly expanded. Centres for the encouragement and promotion of drama and the arts will be set up across the country so that opportunity will be provided for worthwhile use of people's increasing leisure time.  III. A MORE COMPLETE DEMOCRACY  CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM  This program is a statement of the federal aims of the New Democratic party and is therefore concerned with the exercise of federal powers. In each province, a program fitted to their particular needs and aspirations will be democratically prepared and presented to provincial electors by a provincial New Democratic party. However, the federal party is vitally concerned with relations between the federal and provincial governments.  The New Democratic party strongly affirms its belief in a federal system which alone insures the united development of the two nations which originally associated to form the Canadian part nership, as well as that of other ethnic groups which later made Canada their home. Canada's constitution particularly guarantees the national identity of French Canadians and the development of their culture. The New Democratic party will fully maintain and respect these guarantees. Canadian federalism must provide for the protection of cultural, religious and other democratic rights, permit the vigorous and balanced growth of the country as a whole, and assure provincial autonomy.  The New Democratic party believes that social and economic planning must take place at all levels of government. It therefore looks to close collaboration amongst responsible governments to coordinate plans and administration and to set Canadian minimum standards.  Immediately following Confederation, a federal minister was given special responsibility for relations with the provinces. It is time to revive this post. The New Democratic government will create a department of Federal-Provincial Relations to maintain and extend co-operation with the provinces, to co-ordinate and act as a special secretariat for joint committees and councils.  The New Democratic party believes that consultation at the highest level is necessary for the smooth working of our federal institutions. The New Democratic government will therefore establish a regular Prime Ministers' Conference, to be attended by the prime minister of Canada and the premiers of the provinces.  If federalism is to be a reality as well as a legal principle, each government must control sufficient funds to carry out its constitutional responsibilities.  It is, indeed, one of the federal government's basic functions to redistribute wealth and income, in collaboration with the provinces, so that the provinces will have at their disposal comparable means for fulfilling their constitutional obligations. The New Democratic party believes that in a federal system equalization grants are the best method of achieving this objective. Unconditional grants of this sort must therefore be used more frequently and should eventually replace conditional grants.  The New Democratic government will constantly seek the joint participation of the federal government and the provinces in financing programs for the general welfare of Canadians, but it will ensure that this participation is the result of free negotiation and consultation between governments and not the product of unilateral federal decision. It believes, furthermore, that a province should be free to remain outside such programmes, but in doing so it would not delay other provinces and the federal government in proceeding with IV. CO-OPERATION FOR PEACE  The world has changed drastically since World War II. Powers long dominant have declined in importance; others have emerged to positions of prominence. Vast areas of the world, silent for centuries, insist that their voices be heard and already have gained a place of importance in world affairs.  In the struggle between democracy and totalitarianism, Canada cannot evade its responsibility; it must always stand squarely on the side of freedom and with the genuine forces of freedom. However, the nature of this struggle is constantly changing. Revolutionary developments in weapons have underlined the danger and absurdity of rdlying on military strength as the chief means of settling international disputes. It is increasingly evident that the traditional policy of accumulating arms diverts us from channels of action through which truly effective policies can be pursued.  These developments require new departures in Canada's contribution to the emerging world community. The New Democratic party believes that Canada's foreign and defence policies must be reappraised and reshaped if we are to play an effective part in the world's search for peace.  INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS  Canada cannot act alone. The New Democratic party believes that our country has a significant role to play in building a world community. We must, like all states, choose the institutions which can be strengthened and adapted with our help and initiative to achieve the goals we seek.  United Nations  The United Nations represents the best hope of progress towards a durable peace as well as the only existing world instrument of international conciliation. But if it is to become a body truly capable of enforcing the Rule of Law, each member state must turn over to it a part of its sovereignty. Under the New Democratic government, Canada will give leadership in this direction, and will support every measure designed to enhance the prestige, authority and jurisdiction of the United Nations and its agencies.  Canada is obligated under the UN Charter "to make available . . . armed forces, assistance and facilities . . . for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security." It is time now for us, in concert with other middle and smaller powers, to insist that the General Assembly find ways to create a permanent international police force. The New Democratic government will immediately create a well-equipped mobile force at the call of the United Nations. New Democrats welcome the addition of many new nations to the councils of the United Nations and warmly congratulate their peoples on their t freedom from foreign rule. By economic aid, ap- propriate trade policies and increasingly closer relations within and without the United Nations, the New Democratic government will support their independence and growth. United Nations agencies should form the major!, channel for providing international economic aid. This is important both to strengthen the world organization and to avoid placing recipient nations under obligation to a single big power. Therefore ' most of the immensely increased aid program which the New Democratic party proposes will be channelled through the United Nations. Under the New Democratic government Can- j ada will base its votes in the United Nations on the merits of issues, rather than on bloc alignments as it has done too frequently in the past. It is obvious that the United Nations cannot be fully effective so long as a major world power is denied membership. The New Democratic government will therefore recognize the People's Republic of China and support its admission to the ' i s United Nations. Such recognition does not involve j approval of China's system of government. How- ever, a non-recognition which seeks to isolate China adds to world tensions, makes the settlement of major international issues such as disarmament difficult, if not impossible, and is totally lacking in reality. i  Commonwealth  1.  The stand condemning racism taken recently by , the Commonwealth increases opportunities for enlarging the role of this unique association of ' peoples. Its multi-racial and geographically dis- persed character fits it ideally for the role of in- creasing co-operation among divergent parts of the world, thus reducing the dangerous effects of. the , cold war. The New Democratic government will support and initiate increased consultation among the members of the Commonwealth, both inside and outside the United Nations. :, j Experience with the Colombo Plan has proved i the effectiveness of Commonwealth economic co- operation. The New Democratic government will institute: a) a greatly expanded program of assistance to the South-East Asian nations at present participating in the Colombo Plan;  b) the immediate creation of a similar program of Commonwealth economic aid to newly independent states in Africa and the West Indies.  There are available in Canada French-speaking as well as English-speaking technical and administrative experts, uniquely acceptable to the peoples of former French and British territories. This Canadian asset creates both an opportunity and an obligation for us to make our services available to these areas, as an integral part of a Commonwealth African aid scheme.  REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS  The UN Charter acknowledges the right of states to enter regional associations for the peaceful settlement of disputes and for the maintenance of peace and security. In the spirit of the Charter, Canada can play an important part in those regional associations which are genuinely and constructively working for peace, economic security, freedom and rule by international law.  The New Democratic party values the cultural and economic ties among the peoples of the North Atlantic community. It therefore welcomes the formation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), along with those institutions leading to greater European integration. It particularly welcomes both the creation of the Common Market and its prospective expansion. It would seek a basis on which Canada might most fully co-operate with this and any similar association.  NATO has played its part in the maintenance of west European security. However, it has concentrated on a military role and has failed to adapt its policies to the growing importance of the economic and social front in the present world struggle. The New Democratic party believes that we should seek a reappraisal and change of NATO's policies and objectives.  The New Democratic party believes that the extension of nuclear weapons to any further states and alliances threatens disaster to the world. It therefore opposes Canada's troops being supplied with such weapons at home or abroad. At present, except for those nations which have independently developed atomic capacity, neither NATO itself nor its members individually possess or control nuclear warheads. Should they do so, Canada must make it clear that it cannot remain in the alliance. To relieve tensions, Canada should press for a demilitarized zone in central Europe and for the simultaneous disbandment of the Warsaw and NATO pacts.  The rising importance of Latin America and the mutual economic and cultural benefits which would accrue to all from closer association require that Canada increase and broaden its relationships with the nations of Latin America.  DISARMAMENT AND DEFENCE  The revolution in weapons technology makes two facts obvious to reasonable men. Firstly, annihilation is now a physical possibility. Secondly, there is no known direct defence against nuclear missiles. Policy must be based on these realities.  The New Democratic government will make a general and searching reappraisal of Canada's defence role. Much of the money which Canada now allocates to defence could better be spent on providing such conventional troops and civilian personnel as the United Nations may require, and on aiding underdeveloped countries.  It is questionable whether NORAD ever made any significant contribution to the defence of Canada and in any case it has outlived its usefulness. Furthermore, there is every danger that the Bomarcs will be equipped with nuclear warheads. The NORAD agreements should therefore be terminated.  The New Democratic party demands an immediate ban on nuclear tests, both to avoid the dangerous effects of fall-out and as a first step toward nuclear disarmament. The New Democratic government will propose a treaty to establish a non-nuclear dub of nations pledged not to manufacture, store or permit nuclear weapons on their soil nor to use such weapons at any time.  In the nuclear age effective disarmament has become a condition of survival. Canada must play a much more dynamic role in the promotion of universal disarmament. Any agreement on disarmament will require adequate inspection and control. An independent peace research institute will be established by the New Democratic government and staffed by nuclear scientists and other experts to give continuous study to the problems in disarmament and the underlying tensions which threaten the peace of the world.  ECONOMIC AID  While Canada has been spending more than one and a half billion dollars a year on defence, it has spent less than 5% of that amount per year on economic aid to underdeveloped nations. A positive foreign policy would drastically alter this ratio of expenditures.  The New Democratic party believes it is morally necessary to use Canada's agricultural and industrial potential to capacity in order to relieve famine and aid economic development in other parts of the world. This belief will be reflected in a substantial economic aid program, channelled through the UN, government agencies, Colombo and similar plans. Creative new forms of aid, however, must supplement those already in exi9tence.  Canada's contribution to economic aid must be generous and it must be planned. The New Democratic government will institute a program of grants and long-term interest free loans, amounting to an annual expenditure of two percent of the national income.  The New Democratic government will foster Joint Development enterprises, established on a government-to-government basis, with capital subscribed on a basis ensuring control by the underdeveloped state. Canada's contribution will take the form of funds from both public and private sources as well as managerial, production and technical skills.  Believing that the expansion of international trade serves both political and economic goals, the New Democratic government will extend substantial credits to developing states and in appropriate cases will subsidize trading agreements for selected exports to them.  The New Democratic government will introduce a Joint Training and Technical Expert Program with underdeveloped states. These countries would be invited to send young men and women to Canada to train for special projects in such fields as agriculture, public health, administration, education, medical science and engineering. In the meantime, projects will be established in the countries concerned, and will be temporarily manned by Canadian experts until such time as local personnel return from their training to take over.  Canada must mobolize its resources in young, trained Canadians and establish a Voluntary Service Corps to staff co-operative aid schemes, such as those of the Joint Training and Technical Expert Program, throughout the world. Its members should be encouraged to regard their work as a career and should be given adequate salaries and full security. The Corps would collaborate with similar groups from other developed states, and would also provide on-the-spot training for local personnel in the techniques of community development.  The New Democratic government will review Canada's domestic policies, particularly with re- gard to immigration and racial discrimination to ensure that they conform to the spirit of equality f among peoples and nations set out in this program.